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chapter 8 & 10 vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| earthquake | the vibration of earth produced by the rapid release of energy within the lithosphere |
| focus | the point within earth where an earthquake starts |
| seismic waves | the energy released by the earthquake travels in all directions from the focus |
| epicenter | the location on the surface directly above the focus |
| elastic rebound | the tendency for the deformed rock along a fault to spring back after an earthquake |
| body waves | the waves that travel through earths interior |
| p waves | push-pull waves that push or compress and pull or expand particles in the direction the waves travel |
| s waves | shake particles at right angles to the waves' direction of travel |
| surface waves | when body waves reach the surface |
| seismograph | can consist of a weight suspended from a support attached to bedrock |
| seismogram | produces a time record of ground motion during an earthquake |
| richter scale | based on the height of the largest seismic wave recorded on a seismogram |
| moment magnitude scale | derived from the amount of displacement that occurs along a fault |
| modified mercalli scale | rates an earthquakes intensity in terms of the earthquake's effects at different locations |
| liquefaction | where soil and rock are saturated with water |
| tsunami | a wave formed when the ocean floor shifts suddenly during an earthquake |
| seismic gap | an area along a fault where there has not been any earthquake activity for a long period of time |
| crust | the thin, rocky outer layer of earth |
| mantle | a solid, rocky shell that extends to a depth of 2890 kilometers |
| outer core | a liquid layer 2260 kilometers thick |
| inner core | a sphere having a radius of 1220 kilometers |
| moho | the first evidence of layering within Earth's mantle |
| ring of fire | volcano belt that rims the Pacific Ocean |
| hot spot | a concentration of heat in the mantle capable of producing magma |
| viscosity | a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow |
| vent | an opening in the surface of Earth through which molten rock and gases are released |
| pyroclastic material | the volcanic rock ejected during an eruption |
| volcano | a mountain formed of lava and/or pyroclastic material |
| crater | the depression at the summit of a volcano or that which is produced by a meteorite impact |
| shield volcano | a broad, gently sloping volcano built from fluid basaltic lavas |
| cinder cone | a small volcano built primarily of pyroclastic material ejected from a single vent |
| composite volcano | a volcano composed of both lava flows and pyroclastic material |
| caldera | a large depression typically caused by collapse or ejected of the summit area of a volcano |
| lahar | mudflow made up of water-soaked volcanic ash and rock |
| pluton | an intrusive structure that results from the cooling and hardening of magma beneath the surface |
| sill | a tabular igneous body formed when magma is injected along sedimentary bedding surfaces |
| laccolith | a massive igneous body intruded between preexisting strata |
| dike | a tabular-shaped intrusive igneous feature that occurs when magma is injected into fractures in the surrounding rock |
| batholith | a large mass of igneous rock that formed when magma intruded at depth, became crystallized, and subsequently was exposed by erosion |
Created by:
2007953
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