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chapter 8 & 10 vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Earthquake | A sudden and violent shaking of the ground. |
| Focus | The need to prevent a nuclear war became the focus of all diplomatic efforts |
| Seismic Waves | A seismic wave is an elastic wave generated by an impulse such as an earthquake or an explosion. |
| Epicenter | the point on the earth's surface vertically above the focus of an earthquake. |
| Elastic Rebound | A theory for how energy is released. |
| Body Waves | A body wave is a seismic wave that moves through the interior of the earth, as opposed to surface waves that travel near the earth's surface |
| P Waves | a longitudinal earthquake wave that travels through the interior of the earth and is usually the first conspicuous wave to be recorded by a seismograph. Expand |
| S Waves | a wave motion in a solid medium where the medium moves perpendicular to the direction of the travel of the wave |
| Surface Waves | A seismic wave that travels across the surface of the Earth as opposed to through it. |
| Seismograph | an instrument that measures and records details of earthquakes, such as force and duration. |
| Seismogram | a record produced by a seismograph. |
| Richter Scale | a numerical scale for expressing the magnitude of an earthquake on the basis of seismograph oscillations. |
| Moment Magnitude Scale | used by seismologists to measure the size of earthquakes. |
| Modified Mercalli Scale | The effect of an earthquake on the Earth's surface is called the intensity. |
| Liquefaction | liquefaction is a process that generates a liquid from a solid or a gas or that generates a non-liquid phase which behaves in accordance with fluid dynamics. |
| Tsunami | a long high sea wave caused by an earthquake, submarine landslide, or other disturbance |
| Seismic Gap | A seismic gap is a segment of an active fault known to produce significant earthquakes that has not slipped in an unusually long time, compared with other segments along the same structure. |
| Crust | form into a hard outer layer. |
| Mantle | A part of Earth's interior. |
| Outer Core | he outer core of the Earth is a fluid layer about 2,300 km (1,400 mi) thick and composed of mostly iron and nickel that lies above Earth's solid inner core and below its mantle. |
| Inner Core | The Earth's inner core is the Earth's innermost part. It is primarily a solid ball with a radius of about 1,220 kilometres (760 miles), which is about 70% of the Moon's radius |
| Moho | short for Mohorovičić discontinuity. |
| Ring of Fire | The Ring of Fire is a major area in the basin of the Pacific Ocean where a large number of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur |
| Hot Spot | a small area or region with a relatively hot temperature in comparison to its surroundings. |
| Viscosity | Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a fluid to deformation under shear stress. |
| Vent | an opening at the earth's surface from which volcanic material, as lava, steam, or gas, is emitted. |
| Pyroclastic Material | Pyroclastic material is another name for a cloud of ash, lava fragments carried through the air, and vapor |
| Volocano | a mountain or hill, typically conical, having a crater or vent through which lava, rock fragments, hot vapor, and gas are being or have been erupted from the earth's crust. |
| Crater | the cup-shaped depression or cavity on the surface of the earth or other heavenly body marking the orifice of a volcano |
| Shield Volcano | a broad, domed volcano with gently sloping sides, characteristic of the eruption of fluid, basaltic lava. |
| Cinder Cone | a cone formed around a volcanic vent by fragments of lava thrown out during eruptions. |
| Composite Volcano | A stratovolcano, also known as a composite volcano, is a conical volcano built up by many layers (strata) of hardened lava, tephra, pumice, and volcanic ash |
| Caldera | a large volcanic crater, typically one formed by a major eruption leading to the collapse of the mouth of the volcano |
| Lahar | a destructive mudflow on the slopes of a volcano. |
| Pluton | a body of intrusive igneous rock. |
| Sill | a sill is a tabular sheet intrusion that has intruded between older layers of sedimentary rock, beds of volcanic lava or tuff, or along the direction of foliation in metamorphic rock. |
| Laccolith | a mass of igneous rock, typically lens-shaped, that has been intruded between rock strata causing uplift in the shape of a dome. |
| Dike | A ditch or watercourse |
| Batholith | a very large igneous intrusion extending deep in the earth's crust. |
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