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chapter8&10vocabular
chapter8&10vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| earthquake | a sudden and violent shaking of the ground, sometimes causing great destruction, as a result of movements within the earth's crust or volcanic action. |
| focus | The point on the Earth's surface located directly above the focus of an earthquake. |
| seismic waves | a wave of energy that is generated by an earthquake or other earth vibration and that travels within the earth or along its surface. |
| epicenter | The point on the Earth's surface that is directly above the focus of an earthquake. |
| elastic rebound | is an explanation for how energy is released during an earthquake. |
| body waves | a seismic wave that moves through the interior of the earth, as opposed to surface waves that travel near the earth's surface. |
| P waves | a longitudinal earthquake wave that travels through the interior of the earth and is usually the first conspicuous wave to be recorded by a seismograph. |
| S waves | a transverse earthquake wave that travels through the interior of the earth and is usually the second conspicuous wave to reach a seismograph. |
| surface waves | A seismic wave that travels across the surface of the Earth as opposed to through it. |
| seismograph | an instrument scientists use to measure the strength of an earthquake. |
| seismogram | It is a record of the ground motion at a measuring station as a function of time. |
| Richter Scale | a numerical scale for expressing the magnitude of an earthquake on the basis of seismograph oscillations. |
| Moment Magnitude Scale | a logarithmic scale that enables seismologists to compare the energy released by different earthquakes on the basis of the area of the geological fault that ruptured in the quake. |
| Modified Mercalli Scale | A scale of earthquake intensity based on observed effects and ranging from I to XII. |
| liquefaction | vibrations or water pressure within a mass of soil cause the soil particles to lose contact with one another. |
| tsunami | A large wave on the ocean, usually caused by an undersea earthquake, a volcanic eruption, or coastal landslide. |
| seismic Gap | the buildup of stresses that are useful in predicting earthquakes. |
| crust | composed of a great variety of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks. |
| mantle | is the part of the earth between the core and the the crust. |
| outer core | thick and composed of mostly iron and nickel that lies above Earth's solid inner core and below its mantle. |
| inner core | a solid sphere in the middle of the fluid core such as the iron-nickel core of the Earth. |
| Moho | the boundary layer between the earth's crust and mantle whose depth varies from about 3 miles beneath the ocean floor to about 25 miles beneath the continents. |
| Ring of fire | The Ring of Fire is a major area in the basin of the Pacific Ocean where a large number of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur. |
| hot spot | are volcanic regions thought to be fed by underlying mantle that is anomalously hot compared with the surrounding mantle. |
| viscosity | is a measure of the resistance of a fluid to deformation under shear stress. |
| vent | an opening at the earth's surface from which volcanic material, as lava, steam, or gas, is emitted. |
| pyroclastic material | Composed chiefly of rock fragments of explosive origin, especially those associated with explosive volcanic eruptions. |
| volcano | is a rupture in the Earth's crust where molten lava, hot ash, and gases from below the Earth's crust escape into the air. |
| crater | is a rupture in the Earth's crust where molten lava, hot ash, and gases from below the Earth's crust escape into the air. |
| shield volcano | a broad, domed volcano with gently sloping sides, characteristic of the eruption of fluid, basaltic lava. |
| cinder cone | A steep, conical hill consisting of glassy volcanic fragments that accumulate around and downwind from a volcanic vent. |
| composite volcano | is a conical volcano built up by many layers (strata) of hardened lava, tephra, pumice, and volcanic ash. |
| caldera | a volcanic crater that has a diameter many times that of the vent and is formed by collapse of the central part of a volcano or by explosions of extraordinary violence. |
| lahar | A wet mass of volcanic fragments flowing rapidly downhill. |
| pluton | a pluton is a body of intrusive igneous rock that is crystallized from magma slowly cooling below the surface of the Earth. |
| sill | is a tabular sheet intrusion that has intruded between older layers of sedimentary rock, beds of volcanic lava or tuff, or along the direction of foliation in metamorphic rock. |
| laccolith | a mass of igneous rock, typically lens-shaped, that has been intruded between rock strata causing uplift in the shape of a dome. |
| dike | A body of igneous rock that cuts across the structure of adjoining rock, usually as a result of the intrusion of magma. |
| batholith | is a large mass of intrusive igneous rock that forms from cooled magma deep in the Earth's crust. |
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