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68WM6 Muscles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Actin: | contractile protein found in the thin myofilaments of skeletal muscle. |
| All or None: | when stimulated, a muscle fiber will contract fully or not at all; whether a contraction occurs depends on whether the stimulus reaches the required threshold. |
| Antagonist: | those having opposing actions; for example, muscles that flex the upper arm are antagonists to muscles that extend it. |
| Aponeuroses: | broad fibrous sheets of connective tissue. |
| Atrophy: | wasting away of tissue; decrease in size of a part; sometimes referred to as disuse atrophy. |
| Bursa: | saclike, fluid-filled structure, lined with synovial membrane, near a joint. |
| Hypertrophy: | increase in size, structure, or function. |
| Isometric: | type of muscle contraction in which muscle does not shorten. |
| Isotonic: | of the same tension or pressure. |
| Sacromere: | contractile unit of muscle; length of a myofibril between two Z bands. |
| Synergist: | muscle that assist the prime mover. |
| Tenosynovitis: | inflammation of the tendon sheath. |
| Three types of muscle tissue: | -Skeletal-Cardiac-Smooth |
| Skeletal Muscle | Striated / Voluntary |
| 40-50% of body weight is____muscle. | Skeletal Muscle |
| Contractions can be voluntary with this type of muscle. | Skeletal Muscle |
| When looking at skeletal muscle under a microscope you will see.... | Microscope reveals crosswise stripes or striations |
| Cardiac Muscle | Bulk of the Heart, Unique dark bands called intercalated disks, Allows heart to contract as a unit. |
| Smooth Muscle | Movement is involuntary, Found in walls of hollow visceral structures, Lacks cross-stripes or striations under microscope. |
| Origin: | attachment to the bone that remains relatively stationary. |
| Insertion | point of attachment to the bone that moves when a muscle contracts. |
| Body: | main part of the muscle. |
| Muscles attach to the bone by | tendons (fascia). |
| Sacromere: | separated from each other by dark bands called Z-lines. |
| Functions of the Skeletal Muscle | Movement. (Opposing muscles)Posture or muscle tone.Heat Production. |
| Groups of muscles usually contract to produce | a single movement |
| Prime mover: | muscle whose contraction is mainly responsible for producing a given movement. |
| Synergist: | muscle whose contractions help the prime mover produce a given movement. |
| Antagonist: | muscle whose actions oppose the action of a prime mover in any given movement. |
| Enables us to maintain body position | Specialized muscle contractions called tonic contractions. |
| Tonic contraction | Only a few of a muscle’s fibers shorten at one time, Produce no movement of body parts. |
| Good posture reduces strain on | muscles, tendons, ligaments, and bones. |
| Poor posture causes | fatigue and may lead to deformity. |
| Fever: | an elevated body temperature (often a sign of illness). |
| Hypothermia: | a reduced body temperature. |
| Contraction of muscle fibers produces most of the _____ required to maintain normal body temperature. | heat |
| If muscle cells are stimulated repeatedly without adequate periods of rest | the strength of the muscle contraction decreases, resulting in fatigue. |
| Contraction in the absence of adequate oxygen produces... | lactic acid, which contributes to muscle soreness. |
| Oxygen debt: | term used to describe the metabolic effort required to burn excess lactic acid that may accumulate during prolonged periods of exercise; the body is attempting to return the cells’ energy and oxygen reserves to pre-exercise levels. |
| Motor neuron | the specialized nerve that transmits an impulse to a muscle, causing contraction. |
| Neuromuscular junction | is the specialized point of contact between a nerve ending and the muscle fiber it innervates. |
| Acetylcholine | Specialized chemicals are released by the motor neuron in response to a nervous impulse. |
| Threshold Stimulus | the minimal level of stimulation required to cause a muscle fiber to contract. |
| Twitch: | contractions are laboratory phenomena and do not play a significant role in normal muscular activity; they are a single contraction of muscle fibers caused by a single threshold stimulus. |
| Tetanic: | contractions are sustained and steady muscular contractions caused by a series of stimuli bombarding a muscle in rapid succession. |
| Isotonic: | contraction of a muscle that produces movement of a joint. |
| Isometric: | contractions that do not produce movement, muscles as a whole does not shorten. |
| Facial muscles: | lie beneath the skin of the face and scalp and used to communicate feelings through facial expression. |
| Mastication | closes mouth and produce chewing movements. |
| Sternocleidomastoid | flexes head |
| Trapezius | elevates shoulder and extends head |
| Pectoralis Major | flexes the upper arm |
| Latissimus Dorsi | extends the upper arm |
| Deltoid | abducts the upper arm |
| Biceps brachii | flexes the forearm |
| Triceps brachii | extends the forearm |
| Abdominal Muscles | *External oblique*Internal oblique*Transversus abdominis*Rectus abdominis |
| Respiratory Muscles two types are: | IntercostalDiaphragm |
| Hamstring muscles | *Semimembranosus*Semitendinosus*Biceps femoris |
| Quadricepts femoris group | *Rectus femoris*Vastus lateralis*Vastus medialis*Vastus intermedius |
| Flexion: | movement that decreases the angle between two bones at their joint: bending. |
| Extension: | movement that increases the angle between two bones at their joint: straightening. |
| Aponeuroses | Connective tissue in a muscle that forms broad fibrous sheets. |
| Fascicles | Bundles of skeltal muscle fibers. |
| myo- | (muscle) |
| calat- | (something inserted) |
| erg- | (work) ex: synergist |
| Laten- | (hidden) |
| sarco- | (flesh) |
| tetan- | (stiff) |
| troph- | (well fed) |
| I Bands | (light bands) composed of thin actin filaments. |
| Threshold Stimulus | Minimal strength required to cause a contraction. |
| Muscle Tone | a response to nerve impulses that originate repeatedly from the spinal cord and stimulate a few muscle fibers. |
| Peristalsis | wavelike motion that occurs in certain tubular organs, such as the intestines, and helps force the contents of these organs along their lengths. |
| Where are smooth muscles found? | Walls of hollow viscera, peristalsis, and vasoconstriction. |
Created by:
NurseMaryK
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