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Biology Midterm Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the purpose of science? | To study the natural world and explain the nature of things (Ex. how things work) |
| What is a scientific theory? | A theory is an explanation of a natural phenomenon that has been supported by many observations and experiments over time. |
| What would happen if new evidence contradicted a theory? | The theory would have to be revised to fit the new evidence. |
| What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative data? | Quantitative deals with numbers or quantities Qualitative deals with descriptions of observations by our senses (Ex. what does it look like?) |
| What is an inference? | Combining what you know with what you have learned to draw a logical conclusion |
| What are controls? | Controls are used for comparison and are not exposed to the experimental factor |
| What are independent variables? | Independent variables are the tested factor, or what the scientist is manipulating in his/her experiment |
| What are dependent variables? | Dependent variables are the data, or the results that depend on the changes to the independent variable |
| What are the eight characteristics of life? | ⢠Made of one or more cells ⢠Displays organization ⢠Grows and develops ⢠Reproduces ⢠Responds to stimuli ⢠Requires energy ⢠Maintains homeostasis ⢠Adaptations evolve over time |
| What is the difference between biotic and abiotic factors? | Biotic (living) Abiotic (nonliving) |
| What is a food chain? | Food chains show a simplified single path for energy flow through an ecosystem |
| What is a food web? | Food webs show many interconnected food chains and pathways for energy flow throughout the ecosystem |
| What do food chains and food webs show? | They show predator/prey and parasitic relationships *Remember the arrow points in the direction of energy flow (towards who is doing the eating) |
| What happens if 2 species have overlapping niches? | Competition - usually with one species being the winner (lives) and the other being the loser (dies) |
| What is exponential growth? | Exponential is unlimited growth |
| What is logistic growth? | Logistic has limiting factors that make the population curve level off at carrying capacity |
| What type of biome has the greatest diversity of plant life? | Tropical rainforests *Typically, the closer you get to the equator, the more diversity of life |
| In the nitrogen cycle? what organism converts atmospheric nitrogen into a form that can be used by living things? | Bacteria |
| In the phosphorus cycle, where is most of the phosphorus stored in the environment? | Rocks |
| Excess nutrient runoff, like from agriculture or factories, can cause what disruption in bodies of water downstream? | Harmful algae blooms |
| What is a chemical compound? | When two or more elements chemically combine, such as H2O or CO2 |
| What are the three parts of an atom? (And their charges and location) | ⢠Neutron - neutral in nucleus ⢠Proton - positive in nucleus ⢠Electron - negative orbits around nucleus |
| What is a covalent bond? | A chemical bond in which electrons are shared |
| What element do all organic molecules contain? | Carbon |
| What are the four main classes of biological macromolecules? | ⢠Carbohydrates ⢠Lipids ⢠Proteins ⢠Nucleic acids |
| What are lipids and what are they made up of? | ⢠Fats, oils, and waxes ⢠Made up of fatty acids ⢠Long term energy storage and waterproof coating |
| What type of macromolecule is a starch such as glycogen? What monomer is it make up of? | ⢠Carbohydrate- made up of simple sugars or monosaccharides ⢠Glycogen is broken down into glucose for energy |
| What is the monomer of a nucleic acid? What are two examples? | ⢠Nucleotide ⢠DNA and RNA |
| What are the products (substrates) and reactants in chemical reactions? | Reactants > products |
| What is activation energy? How does lowering the activation energy affect a chemical reaction? | ⢠The amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction ⢠Lowering the activation energy makes the reaction happen easier or quicker - enzymes do this |
| What are enzymes? What is meant by the âlock and keyâ model? | ⢠Proteins that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy ⢠One enzyme for one specific reaction - they arenât interchangeable |
| Know the differences and similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells | |
| What is the function of the nucleus? | Holds DNA |
| What is the function for the rough er? | Transportation for proteins made at ribosomes |
| What is the function of mitochondria? | Converts glucose into energy (ATP) |
| What is the function of the lysosome? | Cleans old worn-out parts of the cell |
| What are the functions of the chloroplast? | Site of photosynthesis and converts sunâs energy into glucose |
| What is the function of the cilia and flagella? | For movement (or movement of stuff outside of the cell) |
| What are the principles of cell theory? | |
| ⢠Organisms are made of one or more cells ⢠Cells are the basic unit of life ⢠Cells come from pre- existing cells | |
| What happens to cells in hypotonic solutions? | Cell swells |
| What happens to cells in hypertonic solutions? | Cell shrinks |
| What happens to cells in isotonic solutions? | Nothing - stays same |
| What are examples and characteristics of passive transport? | ⢠No energy ⢠High > low ⢠With the gradient â Diffusion â Facilitated diffusion â Osmosis |
| What are examples and characteristics of active transport? | ⢠Require energy (ATP) ⢠Low > high ⢠Against the gradient â Pumps â Exocytosis â Endocytosis |
| Know the fluid mosaic model and how phospholipids and other substances move around within the plasma membrane | |
| What molecule is the energy source for cells? | ATP |
| What macromolecule that we eat an broken down to make ATP? | ⢠Carbohydrates are broken down into simple sugars such as glucose ⢠Glycogen is the form of carbohydrate stored in your body that can break down into glucose |
| What is the chemical equation that represents photosynthesis? | CO2 + H2O -> C6H12O6 + O2 |
| What organelle is the site of photosynthesis and why is it found primarily in leaves? | ⢠Chloroplasts ⢠Leaves have a large surface area exposed to the sunlight |
| What is the pigment that captures sunlight during photosynthesis? | Chlorophyll |
| What is the chemical equation that represents cellular respiration? | C6H12O6 + 6 O2 -> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP |
| What is the relationship between the products and reactants in those two equations? | ⢠Opposites ⢠The reactants of one are the products of the other |
| What are three factors that limit cell size? | ⢠Getting enough nutrients ⢠Expelling enough wastes ⢠Transport of substances (High surface area to volume ratio in small cells is beneficial) |
| Describe the main events that occur during interphase. | ⢠Growth and normal cell functions ⢠DNA replication ⢠Checking DNA and preparing to divide |
| What happens during mitosis? What happens during each stage? (PMAT) | â¢Prophase â nuclear membrane disappears and chromosomes condense. Spindle begins to form â¢Metaphase â chromosomes line in middle â¢Anaphase â sister chromatids pulled apart â¢Telophase â sister chromatids arrive at poles and new nuclear mem |
| What is cancer? | ⢠Uncontrolled cell cycle ⢠Rapidly dividing cells |
| What are sister chromatids? | The two sides of the chromosome that contain identical copies of DNA, held together at the centromere |
| What is chromatin? | Relaxed version of DNA in interphase |
| What are chromosomes? | Condensed version of tightly coiled and packed DNA that moves around during cell division |
| What makes the chromosomes line up at the equator or move around during mitosis? | Spindle fibers attach to the centromeres and pull on chromosomes to move them where they need to go |
| How many chromosomes are in the two resulting daughter cells after mitosis and cytokinesis? | ⢠The same number as the original cell ⢠In mitosis, the daughter cells are genetically identical to the original call, therefore if the original cell had 14 chromosomes, the daughter cells have 14 chromosomes |
| What is the main function of mitosis? | To create identical cells to repair damaged cells or for organism growth |
Created by:
emconner
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