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Intro to bacteria
lecture 5-6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| coccoid | spherical |
| bacillus | rod shaped |
| vibrio | twisted |
| Gram positive | stain purple |
| gram negative | stain red |
| acid fast | stain red pink |
| non acid fast | stain blue/green |
| acid fast methods | Ziehl-Neelsen (hot), Kinyoun (cold), fluorochrome |
| flagellum | exdends outward, provides motility, may contribute to colonization (virulence) |
| monotrichous | one at one pole |
| lophotrichous | more than one at one pole |
| amphitrichous | more than one at both poles |
| peritrichous | around the entire organism |
| Helical filament | long and thin, composed of flagellin, antigenic (H antigen) H+ has flagella, H- lack flagella |
| hook | anchors filament into the basal body |
| basal body | contains rod and 1 or 2 sets of double platesall have S&Mgram- have L&P |
| taxis | involuntary movement of organism in response to a stimulus |
| chemotaxis | response to a chemical stimulus, chemicals are recognized by protein receptors in the cytoplasmic membrane |
| Pilus | F pilus (fertility)found only in gram- bacteriatransfer of genetic material between cells |
| fimbriae | common attachment pilimostly on gram-,some gram+adhesion of bacteria to surfaces |
| Glycocalyx | outer surface layer, polysaccharide, non-vitaladherence to species and surfacesantigenic (K Ag)antiphagocytosisPrevention of neutrophil killing of ingested bacteriaPrevention of PMN migration to infectionToxicity to host cellProtection |
| slime layer | poor organization, weak attachment to cell wall, easily removedallows attachment to prosthetic decives, imortant contributor to biofilm formation |
| capsule | organized, tightly adhered to cell wallK antigenused for identification and classificationloss of capsule=loss of infectivitydetected by Quelling reaction (antiserum added leads to swelling) |
| cell wall | surrounds all except mycoplasmamade of peptidoglycan (L and D amino acids)Glycan backbone (alternating NAM and NAG linked by 1,4 glycosidic bonds)each NAM has a bound tetrapeptide which are crosslinked |
| gram- cell wall | 3rd AA:diaminopimelic aciddirect lipoprotein cross linkagefewer cross linkagesopen meshworkthink peptidoglycan layerouter membrane attached by Braun proteinsporinsLPS |
| gram+ cell wall | 3rd AA: L-lysinepentaglycine cross linkagesgreater cross linkagestighter frameworkthick peptidoglycan layer, teichoic and lipoteichoic acid |
| Lipoteichoic acid | covalently bound to cell membrane glycolipidsbinds protons and cationsantigenicplays a tole in dermal necrosis, adhesion, complement activation, specific immunity, non-specific immunity, induction of hypersensitivity |
| LPS | Lipid A anchors to outer membranecore polysaccharideterminal polysaccharide (O Ag)known as endotoxin |
| endotoxin | can induce fever, hemorrhagic necrosis, disseminated intravascular necrosis, TNF production, alternative completment pathway, bone marrow cell proliferation, lysate reaction |
| LOS | same as LPS without O antigen |
| Acid fast cell wall | thin peptidoglycan layerexternal arabinogalactan layerwaxy appearancemycobacterium and nocardium |
| Lysozyme | natural defense in saliva, mucous, blood, sweat, and tearscleaves beta 1,4 bonds between NAM and NAGdestroys all or part of cell wall |
| spheroblast | portion of cell wall remains (gram -) |
| protoplast | cell wall completely removed (gram+) |
| Penicillin | binds irreversibley to PBPs. Forms inactive complexes with transpeptidasem inhibiting formation of peptide cross linkagesresults in defective cell wallsacts only on growing cells |
| periplasmic space | between inner and outer membrane in gram-present in some gram+contains nutrient transport proteins, acquisition enzymes, detoxifying enzymes, and osmoprotectants |
| axial filaments | long thin microfibril inserted into a hookenclosed in periplasmic spaceendoflagellumcorkscrew like motion |
| cytoplasmic membrane | phospholipid bilayerno sterols (except mycoplasma)active transportsecretion of extracellular enzymes and toxinsoxidative phosphorylationbiosynthesis and export of cell wall componentsanchoring DNAchemotactic |
| protoplasm | granular appearance due to free ribosomessite of all biochemical activity70-80% water, acts as a solvent |
| ribosomes | RNA/protein bodiessite of protein synthesis70S: 50 and 30S, site for antibiotic action |
| mesosomes | extensive invagtinations of cytoplasmic membranein gram +function unknown (may anchor DNA in division) |
| chromatin area | prokaryotes have no distinct membrane enclosed nucleus, or mitotic apparatusNucleoid |
| bacterial chromosome | single haploid circular DNAall genes linked, no histone proteinsMg and polyamines act similarly to histones |
| plasmids | circular extrachromosomal DNAself replicatingcarry supplemental genetic information |
| inclusion bodies | storage granulesnot permanent |
| endospores | produced in environmental stressresistant to UV radiation, irradiation, chemical disinfection, dryingkeratin like protein coatpeptidoglycan cortexspore wallcore with complete nucleus, protein synthesizing apparatus, energy generating system. |
| sporulation | true differentiation1 vegetative cell to 1 spore6-8 hours |
| germination | outgrowth from spore1 spore-1 vegetative cellonly occurs when environmental conditions are suitable for bacterial cell growth2 hours |
Created by:
kamarsh
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