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Urinary Elimination
Fundamentals of Nursing
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the last step in the removal and elimination of excess water and by-products of metabolism? | Urinary elimination |
| What is micturition? | Urination |
| Which kidney is generally higher? | The left |
| What is the functional unit of the kidney? | Nephron |
| What is the normal range of urine production? | 1-2 liters per day |
| What drains urine from the kidneys into the urinary bladder? | Ureters |
| What are the two parts of the urinary bladder? | Trigone and detrusor |
| What contributes to voluntary control over urine flow? | External urinary sphincter |
| Which gender has a shorter urethra? | Females |
| Why are females at a higher risk for UTIs? | Because females have a shorter urethra than males and can more easily become contaminated from the anus. |
| When do people feel a strong urge to urinate? | When the urinary bladder fills to 400-600 mL |
| How many micturition centers are in the spinal cord? | 2 |
| What indicates a readiness for toilet training? | Ability to recognize the feeling of bladder fullness, hold urine for 1-2 hours, and communicate the sense of urgency. |
| How can anxiety and stress affect micturition? | By affecting the sense of urgency and increasing frequency of voiding. |
| How does alcohol intake affect micturition? | Alcohol inhibits the release of ADH, thereby increasing urine production |
| What color does propofol turn urine? | Green |
| How can anticholinergics affect urination? | They increase the risk for urinary retention. |
| What is postvoid residual (PVR)? | The amount of urine left in the urinary bladder after voiding. |
| How is PVR measured? | Either by ultrasound or straight catheterization |
| What microorganism is the most common cause of UTIs? | E. coli |
| How are UTIs characterized? | By location |
| What is pyelonephritis? | A severe upper UTI |
| What is a CAUTI? | Catheter-associated urinary tract infection |
| True or False: Overactive bladder usually presents with obvious bladder pathology. | False |
| What is a cystectomy? | Surgical removal of the urinary bladder |
| What are the two continent urinary diversions? | Continent urinary reservoir and orthotopic neobladder |
| What are the two incontinent urinary diversions? | Ureterostomy/ileal conduit and nephrostomy |
| What is the average number of times a person voids per day? | At least 5 times |
| What measure is necessary if an overfull bladder is suspected? | To assess with an ultrasound device or bladder scanner |
| What should the nurse do if a patient's urinary output is less than 30 mL/hr? | Immediately assess for signs of blood loss |
| When should a urine specimen reach the laboratory? | Within two hours of being collected |
| What should a nurse suggest to help a patient prevent nocturia? | To avoid drinking fluids 2 hours before bed |
| What scale are catheter sizes based on? | French (Fr) scale |
| What does the Fr number on a catheter reflect? | The internal diameter of the catheter. |
| What size catheter should must adults use? | 14-16 Fr |
| What are the sizes of catheter balloons? | 3-30 mL |
| What is the recommended size of a catheter balloon for an adult? | 10 mL |
| When should you empty the drainage system of a catheter? | When it's half full |
| What can an overfull catheter drainage bag cause? | Tension and pulling on the catheter, which results in trauma to the urethra and urethral meatus |
| What should you do first if there is no urine in a drainage system? | Check to make sure there are no kinks or obvious occlusions in the tubing. |
| If a catheter becomes occluded, which is best: To flush it or change it? | Change it |
| Why is better to change a catheter rather than flush it? | To reduce the risk of flushing debris into the bladder |
| How long should you monitor a patient's voiding after removal of an indwelling catheter? | 24-48 hours |
| How long can symptoms of a UTI develop after removal of an indwelling catheter? | 2-3 days |
| What are some alternatives to catheterization? | Suprapubic catheterization and external/condom catheter |
| How often should you change the pouch on an incontinent urinary diversion? | Every 4-6 days |
| What are medications used to treat urgency, nocturia, and urgency UI? | Antimuscarinics |
| What should a nurse do when a patient is newly started on antimuscarinics? | Monitor for effectiveness by asking the patient to keep a bladder diary |
| What are foods that are known to cause bladder irritation? | Artificial sweeteners, spicy foods, citrus products, and caffeine |
| What is the goal of intermittent catheterization? | Drainage of 400 mL of urine |
Created by:
shrewsbury_sd
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