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Hon. Bio. Vocab.
Chapters 13-15. by Kelsey Q. W.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Gene | discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA |
| Gene Locus | gene’s specific location along the length of a chromosome |
| asexual reproduction | a single individual is the sole parent and passes copies of all its genes to it’s offspring |
| clone | a group of genetically identical individuals |
| sexual reproduction | Two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the two parents |
| Life Cycle | the generation-to-generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism, from conception to production of it’s own offspring |
| karyotype | ordered displays of an individual’s chromosomes |
| homologous chromosome | chromosome pairs of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern that possess genes for the same characters at corresponding loci. One homologous chromosome is inherited from the organism’s father, the other from the mother |
| amniocentesis | A technique for determining genetic abnormalities in a fetus by the presence of certain chemicals or defective fetal cells in the amniotic fluid, obtained by aspiration from a needle inserted into the uterus |
| sex chromosome | One of the pair of chromosomes responsible for determining the sex of an individual |
| autosome | A chromosome that is not directly involved in determining sex, as opposed to a sex chromosome |
| fertilization | The union of haploid gametes to produce gametes to produce a diploid zygote |
| haploid | Cell containing only one set of chromosomes |
| diploid | A cell containing two sets of chromosomes. |
| meiosis | Two stage type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in cells with half the chromosome number of the original cell |
| alternation of generations | Life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte; characteristic of plants. |
| sporophyte | The multicellular diploid form in organisms undergoing alternation of generations that results from a union of gametes and that meiotically produces haploid spores that grow into the gametophyte generation |
| gametophyte | The multicelular haploid form in organisms undergoing alternation of generations that mitotically produces haploid gametes that unite and grow into the sporophyte generation |
| crossing over | The reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during synapsis of meiosis I. |
| synapsis | The pairing of replicated homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis |
| tetrad | A paired set of homologous chromosomes, each composed of two sister chromatids. Tetrads form during prophase of meiosis |
| cell division | The reproduction of cells |
| character | A heritable feature |
| true-breeding | Plants that produce offspring of the same variety when they self-pollinate |
| hybrid | The offspring of two different types of parents |
| allele | Alternate versions of a gene |
| dominant | A gene that is always going to take precedence against any other gene. |
| Recessive | A gene that will not take precedence unless there is only the recessive type. |
| Law of Segregation | Mendel's first law, stating that allele pairs separate during gamete formation, and then randomly re-form pairs during the fusion of gametes at fertilization. |
| Homozygous | Having two identical alleles for a given trait |
| Heterozygous | having two different alleles for a genetic character |
| Phenotype | The physical and psychological traits of an organism |
| Genotype | The genetic makeup of an organism |
| Dihybrid Cross | A breeding experiment in which parental varieties differing in two traits are mated. |
| Probability | The odds of a certain outcome of an event. |
| incomplete Dominance | A type of inheritance in which F1 hybrids have an appearance that is intermediate between the phenotypes of the parental varieties. |
| Pleiotropy | The ability of a single gene to have multiple effects |
| Polygenic Inheritance | An additive effect of two or more gene loci on a single phenotypic character. |
| Pedigree | A family tree describing the occurrence of heritable characters in parents and offspring across as many generations as possible. |
| Carrier | An organism that has the genes for a trait but is not active in the organism |
| Chromosome Theory of Inheritance | Mendolian Genes have specific loci on chromosomes |
| Wild Type | An individual with the normal phenotype |
| Sex-linked gene | A gene located on a sex chromosome |
| recombinant | An offspring whose phenotype differs from that of the parents |
| Independent Assortment | All the possible assortments of maternal and paternal chromosomes |
| Genetic Map | an ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome |
| Nondisjunction | An accident of meiosis or mitosis, in which both members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or both sister chromatids fail to move apart properly. |
| Trisomic | A chromosomal condition in which a particular cell has an extra copy of one chromosome, instead of the normal two; the cell is said to be trisomic for that chromosome. |
| Aneuploidy | A chromosomal aberration in which certain chromosomes are present in extra copies or are deficient in number. |
| Polyploidy | A chromosomal alteration in which the organism possesses more than two complete chromosome sets. |
| Down Syndrome | A human genetic disease resulting from having an extra chromosome 21, characterized by mental retardation and heart and respiratory defects. |
| Turner Syndrome | A syndrome that results from monosomy X. Only visible monosomy in humans |
| Keinfelter Syndrome | When there is an extra X chromosome in a male |
| Genomic Imprinting | The parental effect on gene expression. Identical alleles may have different effects on offspring, depending on whether they arrive in the zygote via the ovum or via the sperm. |
| Extra-Nuclear Genome | Gene found on small circles of DNA in mitochondria and in plants plastids |
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