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Ch 1-4
The Nervous System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Ions | Charged particles with unequal number of protons and electrons |
| Ionization | Transfer of electrons from one atom to another |
| Free Radicals | Short-lived particles with an unusual number of electrons Trigger reactions that destroy molecules and can cause cancer, myocardial infarction, and aging Produced by normal metabolic reactions, radiation, and certain chemicals |
| Antioxidant | Chemical that neutralizes free radicals |
| Radioisotope | Unstable isotope |
| Radioactivity | Process by which radioisotope decay |
| Isotope | Two or more forms of the same element with equal number of protons, but different number of neutrons in their nuclei. Differ in atomic mass, but not chemical properties |
| Minerals | Inorganic elements extracted from the soil by plants and passed up the food chain to humans and other organisms. Makes up 4% of human body weight |
| Atomic Mass equal to | Total # of protons and neutrons |
| Atomic number | The number of protons in its nucleus |
| 98.5% of body weight | Oxygen carbon hydrogen nitrogen calcium phosphorus |
| Trace elements | Make up .7% of body weight. Small amounts but play vital roles |
| Molecules | Chemical particles composed of two or more atoms United by a chemical bond |
| Electrons on the outermost shell that determine the chemical bonding properties of an atom. | |
| Electrolytes | Substances that ionize in water and form Solutions capable of conducting electricity. Mineral salts needed for nerve and muscle function |
| Importance of electrolytes | Chemical reactivity, osmotic effects, amd electrical excitability of nerve and muscle. Electrolyte balance = imbalance can lead to Coma or cardiac arrest |
| Compound | Molecules composed of two or more elements |
| Molecular formula | Identify the molecules elements and shows how many atoms of each are present. |
| Isomer | Molecules with identical molecular formula but different Arrangements of their atoms |
| Structural formula | Identifies location of each atom |
| Chemical bond | Force by which molecules are held together and are attracted to one another. |
| Ionic bond | Second strongest bond Attraction of a cation to an anion Electrons donated from one atom to another |
| Covalent bond | Strongest bond Formed by the sharing of electrons |
| Hydrogen bond | Weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom in one molecule and a slightly negative oxygen or nitrogen atom in another. |
| Nonpolar | Electrons shared equally |
| Polar bond | Electrons shared unequally |
| Van der Waals forces | Weak brief attractions between neutral atoms |
| Mixture | Physically Blended but not chemically combined. |
| Calorie | The amount of heat that raises the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius. |
| Solute | Whats being dissolved |
| Solvent | Whats doing the dissolving i.e. water |
| Solution | Consists of solutes and solvents Solute particles do not scatter light. Will pass through most membranes. Will not separate on standing. Particles under 1nm |
| Colloid | Mixture of protein in water Many can change from liquid to gel state within and between cells. Do not scatter light usually cloudy. Particles too large to pass through a semi-permeable membrane. Particles 1-100nm |
| Suspension | Particles exceed 100nm Too large to penetrate selectively permeable membranes. Cloudy / opaque separates on standing |
| Emulsion | Suspension of one liquid in another. Example: fat in breast milk |
Created by:
amb5683
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