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BIO 140 test 1
Chapter two terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Economics | the study of how people decide to use scarce resources to provide goods and services in the face of demand for them |
| Capitalist market economy | buyers and sellers interact to determine which goods and services to produce, how much to produce and how to produce and distribute them |
| Centrally planned economies | government determines in a top-down manner how to allocate resources, like a communist society |
| Ecosystem services | Providing recreational activities, providing food, providing habitat, treating waste, pollinating plants |
| Nonmarket values | values not usually included in the price of a good or service. |
| Nonmarket value- use value | that we use directly |
| Nonmarket value- option value | that we do not use now but we might use later |
| Nonmarket value- aesthetic value | for their beauty or emotional appeal |
| Nonmarket value- cultural value | that help sustain or help define our culture |
| Nonmarket value- scientific value | that may be the subject of scientific research |
| Nonmarket value- educational value | that may teach us about ourselves and the world |
| Nonmarket value- existence value | simply because they exist, even though we may never experience them directly |
| Eco-conscious companies | "greening" their business practices |
| Eco-conscious companies | Ben and Jerry's |
| Eco-conscious companies | Patagonia |
| Eco-conscious companies | Toyota |
| Eco-conscious companies | Wal-Mart |
| Eco-conscious companies | McDonald's |
| Eco-conscious companies | Starbuck's |
| Eco-conscious companies | Dow |
| Eco-conscious companies | Dupont |
| Policy | consists of a formal set of general plans and principles intended to address problems and guide decision making in specific instances-guidelines |
| Public policy | -is made by governments, including those at the local, state, federal, and international levels which consist of laws, regulation, orders, incentives, and practices intended to advance societal welfare |
| Environmental policy | pertains to human interactions with the environment. |
| Legislation | Law |
| Regulation | specific rules based on laws |
| Summarize the differences between the first, second, and third waves of environmental policy in U.S. history | Laws enacted during the first period dealt primarily with the management of public lands and accompanied the westward expansion of the nation. 2nd addressed impacts of the first. The third wave responded to pollution. |
| What did the National Environmental Policy act accomplish | environmental impact statement be prepared for any major federal action that might significantly affect environmental quality. |
| Environmental Protection Agency | conduct and evaluate research, assisting the states in meeting standards and goals |
| Environmental impact statement | a report of results from studies that assess the potential impacts on the environment that would likely result from development projects |
| International environmental policy | Customary law(traditions) and conventional law |
| customary law | arises from longstanding practices, or customs, held in common by most cultures. |
| Conventional law | arises from conventions, or treaties into which nations enter |
| List the steps of the environmental policy process, from identification of a problem through enactment of a federal law | A-identify a problem B-Pinpoint causes C-Envision a solution D-Get organized E-Gain access F-Shepherd a solution into law |
| Command- and- control- approach | environmental laws and regulations set strict legal limits and threaten punishment for violating limits |
| subsidy | a government giveaway of cash or publicly owned resources. |
| Green taxes | taxes on environmentally harmful activities and products |
| Permit trading | the government creates a market in permits for an environmentally harmful activity, and companies, utilities or industries are allowed to buy, sell or trade rights to conduct the activity |
| Cap-and-trade system | the government first determines the overall amount of pollution it will accept and then issues permits to polluters that allow them each to emit a certain fraction of that amount |
| Ecolabeling | tells consumers which brands use environmentally benign processes |
| Public-private partnership | a for-profit entity takes charge of preforming the work while operating within confines agreed upon with a public entity that acts as an overseer |
Created by:
kerinv
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