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BIO 140
test 1 Chapter three terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| System | a network of relationships among components that interact with and influence one another through the exchange of energy, matter, or information. |
| Negative feedback loop | output that results from a system moving in one direction acts as input that moves the system in the other direction. |
| Positive feedback loop | have the opposite effect. Rather than stabilizing a system, they drive it further toward an extreme. |
| Lithosphere | contains the rock and sediment beneath our feet in the planet’s uppermost layers. |
| Atmosphere | is composed of the air surrounding our planet. |
| Hydrosphere | encompasses all water in surface bodies, underground and in the atmosphere. |
| Biosphere | consists of all the planet’s living organisms and the abiotic (nonliving) portions of the environment with which they interact. |
| Eutrophication | process of nutrient overenrichment, blooms of algae, increased production of organic matter, and subsequent ecosystem degradation. |
| Matter | all material in the universe that has mass and occupies space |
| Law of conservation of matter | Matter may be transformed from one type of substance into others, but it cannot be created or destroyed. |
| Element | is a fundamental type of matter, a chemical substance with a given set of properties, which cannot be broken down into substances with other properties. |
| Atoms | the smallest components that maintain the chemical properties of the element. |
| Neutrons | particles lacking electric charge. |
| Protons | positively charged particles |
| Electrons | negatively charged particles |
| Isotope | atoms with differing numbers of neurons. |
| Ions | electrically charged atoms or combinations of atoms. |
| Molecules | combinations of two or more atoms. |
| Compound | atoms of two or more different elements |
| pH | acidic or basic |
| Acidic | solutions in which the H+ (hydrogen ion) concentration is greater that the OH-(hydroxide ion) concentration. |
| Basic | solutions in which the OH- concentration is greater than the H+ concentration. |
| Organic compounds | a compound consisted of carbon atoms joined by covalent bonds, and usually hydrogen |
| Inorganic compounds | a compound without carbon |
| Hydrocarbons | consist solely of atoms of carbon and hydrogen. |
| Macromolecules | a very large molecule |
| Proteins | a macromolecule made up of long chains of amino acids |
| Nucleic acids | direct the production of proteins. |
| Carbohydrates | include simple sugars that are three to seven carbon atoms long. |
| Lipids | are a chemically diverse group of compounds, classified together because they do not dissolve in water. |
| Cells | the most basic organizational unit of organisms |
| Energy | ability to do work |
| Potential energy | energy of position |
| Kinetic energy | energy of motion. |
| Chemical energy | potential energy held in the bonds between atoms |
| 1st Law of Thermodynamics | physical law stating that energy can change from one form to another but cannot be created or lost |
| 2nd Law of Thermodynamics | physical law stating that the nature of energy tends to change from a more- ordered state to a less-ordered state |
| Entropy | the degree of disorder in a substance, system, or process |
| Photosynthesis | sunlight + CO2 + H20= C6H1206 (chemical energy)process by which autotrophs produce their own food |
| Autotrophs | an organism that can use the energy from sunlight to produce its own food |
| Cellular respiration | the process by which a cell uses the chemical reactivity of oxygen to split glucose into its constituent parts, water and carbon dioxide, and thereby release chemical energy that can be used to form chemical bonds or perform other tasks within the cell |
| Heterotrophs | an organism that consumes other organisms |
| Ecosystem | all organisms and nonliving entities that occur and interact in a particular area at the same time |
| Energy flow | the flow of energy |
| Matter | cycling |
| Net productivity | what is produced minus what is respired/used |
| Nutrient | an element or compound that organisms consume and require for survival |
| Nutrient cycles | the comprehensive set of cyclical pathways by which a given nutrient moves through the environment |
| Carbon cycle | a major nutrient cycle consisting of the routes that carbon atoms take through the nested networks of environmental systems |
| Phosphorus cycle | a major nutrient cycle consisting of the routes that phosphorus |
| Nitrogen cycle | a major nutrient cycle consisting of the routes that nitrogen atoms take through the nested networks of environmental systems |
| Nitrogen fixation | the process by which inert nitrogen gas combines with hydrogen to perform ammonium ions |
| Nitrogen-fixing bacteria | bacteria that live in a mutualistic relationship with many types of plants |
| Nitrification | the conversion by bacteria of ammonium ions, first into nitrite ions, and then into nitrate ions |
| Dentrifying bacteria | bacteria that convert the nitrates in soil or water to gaseous nitrogen and release it back into the atmosphere |
| Hydrolic cycle | condensation, change from gas to liquid |
| Evaporation | the conversion of a substance form liquid to gaseous form |
| Transpiration | the release of water vapor by plants through their leaves |
| Precipitation | water that condenses out of the atmosphere and falls to Earth in droplets or crystals |
| Runoff | the water from precipitation that flows into streams, rivers, lakes, and ponds, and eventually into the ocean |
| Aquifers | an underground water reservoir |
| Ground water | water held in aquifers |
| Water table | the upper limit of ground water held in an aquifer |
Created by:
kerinv
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