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Pathophysio Test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| factors affect stress response | hardiness, sense of coherence, resilience, attitude |
| GAS- General adaptation syndrome | physical response to stress |
| GAS stages | 1. alarm reaction 2. resistance 3. exhaustion |
| alarm reaction | perception of stressor, fight or flight, decreased resistance |
| resistance | adaption or advance to exhaustion |
| exhaustion | some signs of alarm again, reversed by external sources |
| stress affects three systems: | nervous, endocrine & immune |
| nociception | receptive nerve endings that respond to harmful stimuli, transmit the pain, communicates tissue damage to the CNS |
| nociception processes | transduction, transmission, perception, modulation |
| transduction | conversion of mechanical stimulus into a neural action potential, inflammation increases likelihood of transduction |
| transmission | movement of pain from site of transduction to brain |
| perception | pain is recognized and responded to |
| modulation | pathways that exert inhibitory effects on transmission of pain, at periphery, spinal cord, brain stem, cerebral cortex |
| sympathetic nervous system activation | increased heart rate, increased respiratory rate, increased blood pressure |
| Three categories of medications | nonopioid, opioid, adjuvant |
| analgesic ceiling | increasing dose above upper limit produces no greater pain relief |
| parenteral routes | intramuscular, subcutaneous, intravenous |
| cortisol | increase glucose, inhibit inflammatory, immunodepresant, increase cardiac, increase oxygen consumption |
| Stress- Nervous: Cerebral cortex | plans course of action |
| Stress- Nervous: Limbic | mediator of emotions & behavior that ensure survival |
| Stress- Nervous: Hypothalamus | regulates sympathetic & parasympathetic connection between nervous & endocrine |
| acute pain | sympathetic: increased heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure |
| chronic pain | behavioral: decreased movement, fatigue, withdrawal from others |
| Visceral pain | obstruction, internal organs |
| Somatic pain | aching, localized, bone, joint, muscle, skin |
| Neuralpathic pain | damage to peripheral or cns, disregulation of nervous system, abnormal processing of stimuli |
| Renal failure | dont give patient potassium |
| hyperalkemia | high potassium, more than 5.1, muscle weakness, tingling, low blood pressure, bowel sounds |
| hyperalkemia treatment | potassium excreting diuretics, rapid IV of dextrose & insulin, if blood transfusion use fresh blood |
| hypoalkemia | low potassium, under 3.5, weakness, leg & abdomen cramps, dizzy when stand |
| hypoalkemia treatment | administer potassium |
| Isotonic solutions in body | 0.9 Saline, lactated ringers, 5% dextrose in water, 5% dextrose in 0.225% saline |
| blood ph | 7.35- 7.45 |
| blood pco2 | 35-45 mmHg |
| blood hco3 | 22-27 mEq/L |
| blood po2 | 80-100 mmHg |
| Stress & immune function | decreased natural killer cells, decreased cytokines, decreased making lymphocytes |
| adrenal glands & aldosterone | aid in controlling extracellular fluid volume by regulating the amount of sodium reabsorbed by the kidneys |
| antidiuretic hormone | regulates osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid by regulating the amount of water reabsorbed by the kidney |
Created by:
brit24
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