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A&P2 02.09.09
Anatomy & Physiology SSNT Semester 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Why is cardiac muscle special? | Autorythmic and Involuntary |
| Do arteries carry away or return blood to the heart? | carries the blood away from the heart to the systems of the body & the lungs |
| What does pulmonary circulation involve? | blood being pumped to and from the lungs |
| What does systemic circulation involve? | blood being pumped from the body and to the systems of the body |
| Where is the heart located? | Inferior Middle Mediastinum |
| Name the boundaries of the Mediastinum | Anterior Sternum, Posterior Vertebal spine, lateral lungs |
| Name the items that are contained in the posterior part of the mediastinum | Trachea, Esophagus and descending Aorta going to the colon and The Great Vessels |
| What is the pericardium and what are it’s 2 layers? | mucous membrane surrounding the heart, Fibrous and serous layers |
| What are the 2 layers of the serous membrane? | Parietal and Visceral layers |
| What is the difference between the myocardium and the endocardium? | Myocardium is the muscle tissue that makes up the heart, endocardium is the 'inner' lining of the heart (endothelium overlying a layer of connective tissue) |
| What makes the lubb sound during a 'heart beat'? | the closing of the atrioventricular valves |
| What are the 3 stages of the cardiac cycle? | Atrial systole, ventricular diastole and relaxation period |
| What is atrial systole? | contaction of both atria to force blood through the AV valves and into both ventricles |
| What happens during ventricular systole? | the ventricles contract and force the blood through the semilunar valves and off to the body or lungs |
| What events are occurring during systol? | close AV valves, open semilunar valves, contract ventricles, blood ejects from ventricles off to the body and the lungs |
| What events are occurring during diastole? | ventricles relax and fill (usually refers to ventricles) |
| What is blood pressure? | the contracting and relaxation of the left ventricle |
| What is the time delay between atrial and ventricular contraction governed by? | sinoatrial node, the pacemaker of the heart |
| What is action potential? | electrical signals moving over muscle membranes |
| What are the electrical nodes in the heart called? | Sinoatrial & Atrioventricular |
| Explain the way action potential moves through the heart to allow it to pump blood around the body | SN node to AV node, down bundle of His to Purkinje Fibres |
| What are the 3 phases of action potential? | Depolarisation, Plateau & repolarisation |
| What is the P stage of the ECG? | Atrial depolarisation |
| What happens during the QRS complex of the ECG? | Ventricular Depolarisation |
| What is the T wave? | Ventricular Repolarisation |
| What is the Frank Starling law? | The more cardiac muscle expands the more forecefully it will contract |
| What is cardiac output? | amount of blood coming out of the heart. |
| How can you calculate cardiac output? | SV X HR or EDV - ESV |
| What is the vegas nerve? | cranial nerve, contains parasympathetic fibres so it can relax the heart, designed to control the organs of the body |
| What does parasympathetic and sympathetic fibres refer to? | relax and excite |
| Atrial systole is accompanied by ventricular diastole. Explain. | atria contracts which ventricles expand to let blood in |
| Name 2 factors that increase cardiac output. | more blood, cardiac muscle stretches, more forceful contraction, more blood comes out |
| What is the foramen ovale | a small hole btwn the right and left atria designed to shunt blood back into the systemic circulation of the heart in babies |
| What is the ductus arteriorsis? | a small duct connecting the pulmonary artery and the aorta which is another method of blood shunting in babies |
| What is hypoxia? Name 4 factors that cause it. | not enough oxygen enters the blood, caused by high altitudes, lack of iron, some amino acids, Vitamin B12, circulatory probs |
| What happens during capillary diffusion? | oxygen transfer in red blood cells |
| Where does lymph begin and where does it go? | interstitial space or tissue bed and it is pick up by lympathic vessels and carried through the lymphatic system back to the heart eventually |
| What are the main 2 components of blood? | blood plasma and formed elements |
| Where is erythropoietin synthesized? | kidneys |
| Name 4 functions of bone marrow | temperature regulation, circulation of hormones & nutrients, removal of wastes, buffers acid balance, oxygen transfer |
| Where are red blood cells made? | red bone marrow |
| What are Reticulocytes and how long do they take to mature? | immature red blood cells that turn into mature red blood cells in 25 days |
| Name 5 reasons we develop more red blood cells | excercise, pregnancy, blood loss, menstuation, altitude |
| What does a red blood cell look like and why? | biococave, has lost its nucleus and needs to sit parellel in arteries with each other to allow for smooth movement without clotting |
| What do red blood cells contain that allow them to carry oxygen? | hemoglobin |
| Name the 4 parts of a large artery. | tunica adventitia, tunica media, basement membrane, tunica intima (epithelial cell wall) |
| What does a large artery have the capillaries do not have and why? | tunica media is made up of smooth muscle and allows the large arteries to vaso constrict & vaso dilate |
| What does bacteria secrete when it enters the body? | pyrogens |
| Where are Neutrophils found? Explain how they help the body | circulating everywhere, part of our immunity as the phagocytosise invaders |
| What are Monocytes? How do they work and what do they become? | larger WBC's that assist in phagocytosising the invaders |
| What is a macrophage? | a monocyte which has differentiated out of the blood stream to kill an invader |
| Explain the difference between specific and non-specific (innate) immunity | |
| Name the 3 lines of defence in non-specific immunity | |
| Name the 3 stages of inflammation | |
| What are the 6 stages of specific immunity? | |
| What is an antigen? | |
| What is the Antigen Antibody complex? | |
| What is the MHC? | |
| What is an antibody and what is it also known as? | |
| How does the body make antibodies? | |
| Explain the growth of T and B cells | |
| Name and explain the 2 types of T cells | |
| What is a vaccination? | |
| What is the specific immune response of the body? | |
| What is released when you are stressed that suppresses the immune system? | |
| "What is lymph, what does lymph do and where does it come from?" | |
| Where does the right lymphatic duct drain? Where does the left lymphatic duct drain? | |
| What is the cisterna chyli and where is it located? | |
| What is the function of lymph nodes? | |
| What are the names of the vessels that leave and enter lymph nodes? | |
| Why doesn’t lymph flow backwards? | |
| What things could be occurring when a lymph node is swollen? | |
| Which lymphatic vessels drain the gluteals and abdomen | |
| Which lymphatic vessels drain the lower libs | |
| What is the name of the last lymphatic duct before the heart? | |
| What is payers patch? | |
| What aids in the flow of lymph through the body? | |
| Explain the skeletal muscle pump | |
| Explain the respiratory muscle pump | |
| What is the popliteal fossa and what does it contain from the lymphatic system? | |
| How do the axiallary lymph nodes work? | |
| What are the 5 principle lymph vessels? | |
| What is hemostasis? | |
| What are the 3 stage of hemostasis? | |
| What happens during a vascular spasm? | |
| What are platelets? | |
| What is fibirin? | |
| How does blood clotting /coagulation work? | |
| What are the 3 stages of clotting? | |
| What is shock? What are the 4 types of shock? | |
| What is the main difference between the structure of arteries and veins? | |
| What does an artery have that a capillary doesn’t have? | |
| Do all veins have valves? Which veins have valves and why? | |
| What are the valves made from? | |
| What is meant by the term Anastomoses and why is it important? | |
| Where are the main places Anastomoses occurs? | |
| What are the 3 main branches that branch off the aorta? | |
| Where is the thoracic outlet? What does it do? | |
| Name the main arteries in the arm and their branches. | |
| How many branches does the Axillary artery have? | |
| What do the anterior and posterior circumflex humeral arteries do and where are they located? | |
| What is the name of the deep artery of the brachial artery and where does it sit? | |
| Name in order from superior to inferior the main branches of arteries in the lower limb. | |
| What are the true pelvic organs? | |
| what are does the Internal Illiac Artery supply blood to? | |
| what are does the External Illiac Artery supply blood to? | |
| What area does the Femoral Artery supply blood to? | |
| Discuss the arterial and venous drainage of the brain | |
| Describe the arterial and venous drainage of the limbs and thorax | |
| Discuss the role of the kidney in regulation of blood pressure | |
| What is the Carotid Body? | |
| What does the carotid sinus do? | |
| What are baroreceptors and where are the located? | |
| Name the 6 arteries that sit on one side of the scalp | |
| Name some of the arteries that anastomose with the superficial temporal artery and where they join | |
| What is the occipital artery a branch of? | |
| Where does the internal carotid artery have branches? | |
| "Explain how the internal carotid artery travels, bifurcates and anastomoses" | |
| What is the Basillar artery a branch of? | |
| What do the Vertebral arteries branch off? | |
| What is the circle of Willis? | |
| Name the 3 parts of the abdominal aorta | |
| What does the abdominal aorta predominantly supply? | |
| What do veins do? | |
| What are venous veins and where are they located? Where are they not located? | |
| What is the Venae Commitantes and where does it occur? |
Created by:
phila_chica
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