Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Bio 31 exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Microbiology | study of microscopic forms of life (microorganisms):not seen with naked eye,only seen with microscope |
| Bacteriology: | study of bacteria; organisms which cause disease, digest (decompose) matter, produce chemicals (antibiotics) and foodstuffs (yogurt, cheese) |
| Mycology: | study of fungi (mold, mushroon & yeast); cause disease, decompose organic matter, produce useful chemicals (drugs/antibiotics) and food (bread, wine, beer) |
| Phycology: | study of algae (photosynthetic organisms); are both micro and macroscopic; provide atmospheric oxygen and serve as base of aquatic foodchain, some produce toxins which cause disease |
| Protozoology: | study of protozoa; generally aquatic; many cause disease (malaria, the world's major infectious disease) |
| Virology: | study of viruses; sub(light)microscopic organisms which often cause disease, are obligate (require, can not survive without) intracellular parasites |
| Beneficial uses of microorganisms: | 1. manufacture antibiotics, vitamins, growth factors 2. decompose waste3. food production (bread, cheese, yogurt, wine, beer) comercially important 4. research uses: simple structure, cost effectrive (cheap), short 4. research uses: simple structure, cos |
| Drawbacks of microorganisms: | disease agents, food spoilage |
| Microbial environments: | Everywhere on and in living organisms including humans;Water (including arctic and over 100C sources);Soil |
| van Leeuwenhoek: | developed sensitive simple (one lens) microscope, was the first microbe (animalcules) observer |
| Pasteur: | Made numerous contributions to modern microbiology, including many of the common techniques utilized today in the culture (growth) of microorganisms) |
| How did pasteur contribute to microbiology? | 1. demonstrated that microbes (yeast or bacteria) cause fermentation (beer/ wine production) |
| second thing that pasteur contributed to microbiology | 2. developed pasteurization to prevent wine and milk spoilage |
| third thing that pasteur contributed to microbiology | 3. demonstrated that microorganisms occur in a variety of different types: |
| Koch: | 1. Showed that microbes can cause disease (Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax) and developed a series of experimental tests which must be followed to demonstrate that a microbe causes a particular disease (known as Koch's Postulates) |
| vaccine | an inactive (nondisease causing) form of the microorganism which is deliberately introduced into a host organism in order to stimulate it's immune system. |
| Jenner: | developed the first vaccine (against smallpox). |
| pathogenic | (disease |
| Lister: | developed antiseptic surgery (sterilze surgical tools & dressed wounds) to prevent surgical sepsis (infection of surgical wounds) |
| Erlich: | Introduced chemotherapy One of the first class of truly effective chemotherapeutic agents were the sulfa drugs such as sulfanilamide. |
| Fleming: | iscovered the antibiotic penicillin (An antibiotic is a chemical agent which kills bacteria or inhibits bacterial growth) |
| Functional groups: | the chemical part of an organic (bio)molecule which partiscipates in reactions (carries out physiological function). |
| Polymer: | arge (macro)molecule with a simple repeating unit structure (beads on string. Ex: 3 biomolecules are polymers: carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins |
| Four types of biomolecules: | 1. Proteins: 2. Nucleic acids:3. Carbohydrates 4. Lipids (Fats) |
| Microscopy: | magnification of the image of a small specimen in order to make it visible. |
| 3 factors which limit image quality: | 1. light (energy) source: 2. refraction:3. contrast: |
| Microscope Types: | : light source: visible light. |
| 2. Dark | field microscopy |
| 3. Fluorescence microscopy | Uses Ultraviolet light to cause dye or natually occuring molecules in a specimen to fluoresce (give off visible light) which then forms the observed image. |
| Fluorescent antibody stainning: | used to identify specific microorganisms in a sample or locate specific proteins within cells. |
| biotechnology | studies biodegradation of toxic wastes; studies the production of human proteins by bacteria |
| microbial ecology | studies biodegradation of toxic wastes; studies the production of human proteins by bacteria; studies the life cycle of cryptosporidium |
| virology | studies the causative agent of Ebola hemorrhagic fever |
| microbial genetics | studies the production of human proteins by bacteria; develops genet therapy for a disease |
| molecular biology | studies the production of human proteins by bacteria |
| immunology | studies the symptoms of AIDS; develops gene therapy for a disease |
| microbial physiology | studies the production of toxin by E.coli |
| mycology | studies the fungus candida albicans |
| archaea | prokaryote without peptidoglycan cell wall |
| algae | cell wall made of cellulose; photosynthetic |
| bacteria | cell wall made of peptidoglycan |
| fungi | cell wall made of chitin |
| helminths | muticellular animals |
| protozoa | unicellular, complec cell structure lacking a cell wall |
| viruses | not composed of cells |
| ehrlich | used the first synthetic chemotherapeutic agent |
| fleming | discovered penicillin |
| jenner | developed vaccine against smallpox |
| koch | proved that microorganisms can cause disease |
| lister | first to use disinfectants in surgical procedures |
| pasteur | disproved spontaneous generation |
| van Leeuwenhoek | first to observe bacteria |
| Organic molecules | contain carbon (plus H, O, N). Carbon can form covalent bonds to other carbon atoms to form large molecular chains. |
| Four types of biomolecules: | 1. Proteins2. Nucleic acids: |
| Proteins: | polymer composed of amino acid building blocks joined together by a covalent peptide bond. |
| Amino acid: | small organic molecule with 2 functional groups, an amino group and carboxylic acid. |
| Protein Structure: | Each protein has a unique structure or shape (conformation) determined by it's amino acid sequence. |
| Enzymes: | Catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions in cells. These proteins will stress bonds in the molecules which attach to the enzyme in order to chemically change the attaching molecule (called a substrate). |
| Membrane Receptors: | these proteins are located in the cell membrane and serve as attachment sites for other cells |
| Membrane Transporters (Permeases): | proteins located within the cell membrane which move large or lipid |
| Nucleotide | is composed of a 5 |
| Structure: | two separate polymer strands (double stranded) held together by hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases which wrap around each other in a spiral or helix shape; called the double helix. |
| DNA: | eoxyribonucleic acid is the hereditary material. Composed of the sugar deoxyribose and contains 4 different nucleotides (4 nitrogenous bases) A,G,C,T, which form an information containing alphabet. |
| RNA: | ribonucleic acid is involved in using the information stored in DNA to make proteins. Composed of the sugar ribose and contains 4 different nucleotides A,G,C,U (3 the same as in DNA, one different), which form a translated alphabet which is used to make |
| Polysaccharide | polymer of monosaccharides connected by covalent bonds, water insoluble.; storage form of sugar;structural component of cells;as part of lipids and proteins are located on the outer surface of cell membranes in eucaryotes. |
| Phospholipids | Structural component of cells/form the bilayer of membranes: Phospholipids are amphipathic; they have a polar, hydrophilic, phosphate containing side which interacts with water and a nonpolar fatty acid side which is insoluble in water. |
| Electron Microscopy: | "light" source: Electrons are particles which behave like light but have a smaller wavelength (greater energy), therefore greater resolution (highest resolution is 0.4nm) can be attained using an image generated by electrons. |
| Transmission electron microscopy (TEM): | The electrons which are transmitted through the specimen form the image. Only thin slices of the specimen can be used. |
| Scanning EM (SEM): | Used to study the surface of specimens. Specimens are coated (stained) with electron dense material to scatter a beam of electrons. |
| Simple stain: | uses only one dye. |
| Differential stain: | More than one dye is used, permitting different microorganisms to stain different colors. |
| Gram stain: | Used to stain and differentiate two major groups of bacteria (gram |
| Plasma (cell) membrane: | separates cytoplasm from external environment. |
| Procaryotic Structure: | main permeability barrie (ie |
| gram | positive cell wall |
| peptidoglycan | The basic structure of the cell wall is all bacteria is a layer of polysaccharides |
| Acid | fast cell wall |
| gram | negative cell wall: |
| lipopolysaccharide | a molecule which has lipid at the end anchored in the membrane and a long polysaccharide extending out into the cell's environment. |
| periplasmic space (periplasm) | Between the inner and outer membranes;contains proteins required for the uptake of nutrients from the environment and synthesis of the cell wall. |
| basal body: | anchors flagellum to cell membrane and serve as the chemically driven motor |
| Hook: | (flagellum) is outside cell wall, but attached to the basal body. As the basal body spins, the hook which is attached to it also rotates |
| filament | (flagellum)made of many subunits of the protein flagellin which forms a long whip |
| Axial Filament: | structure very similar to a flagella which encircles the cell wall of certain spirochetes (spiral shaped bacteria). |
| pili (fimbriae): | multiple, long, hollow protein tubes projecting from the cell membrane, through the cell wall into the environment. |
| fimbriae: | function in cell attachment to objects in the environment.Pilli are responsible for pellicle formation (a sheet of bacteria at the liquid surface) in broth cultures. |
| conjugation (sex) pili: | a single pilus which connects two bacterial cells during the process of conjugation |
| glycocalyx | a polysaccharide and/or glycoprotein sheath surrounding the cell |
| Slime Layer: | thin layer of polysaccharide or glycoprotein not firmly attached to the cell wall. It protects cells from deliterious environmental agents and is used for attachment (example: many bacteria which cause tooth decay use a slime layer to attach to teath) |
| . Capsule: | thick polysaccharide and polypeptide mix, firmly attached to the cell wall forming a sticky mucus |
| Endospores: | certain vegetative (growing & metabolizing) bacteria (Bacillus & Clostridium) can differentiate; become a specialized dormant cell (an intracellular spore) under adverse environmental conditions or in antiscipation of adverse conditions. |
| Sporulation: | process of spore formation. Normally in bacteria, after the chromosome replicates, the cell divides in half with each half getting one of the chromosomes |
| Germination: | Spore coat loses integrity over time. Water penetrates spore, metabolism resumes and the spore develops into a vegetative cell (genetically identical to parent cell). |
| EUCARYOTIC CELL STRUCTURE: | Fungi, protists, animals and plants all have cells, called eucaryotic, which are more complex (containing organelles) and larger than procaryotic cells. |
| Eucaryotic cells contain | many proteins which function in cell |
| Eucaryotic membranes DO carry out certain functions which procaryotic membranes can not: | exocytosis and endocytosis |
| what present in eucaryotic cell membranes? | phospholipids, glycolipids (a combination of lipid and polysaccharide, which also act as cell recognition molecules) and sterols are present in eucaryotic cell membranes. |
| . Cilia: | are a shorter version of a flagella. When present, they are more numerous than flagella, but have the same basic structure & function. |
| Eukaryotic cell | (fungi, protozoa, algae |
| Prokaryotic cell | (bacteria) |
| What does the eukaryotic cell contain that the prokaryotic cell does not? | nuclear envelope ,nucleolus,membrane bound intracellular,sterols in membranes,80S ribosomes (60 & 40 subunit),mitotic apparatus ,histones, nucleosomes ,multiple chromosomes (linear),flagella, cell wall only in fungi & plants, cytoskeleton |
| what does prokaryotic cell contain that the eukaryotic cell does not contain | nucleoid (no nuclear membrane),70S ribosomes (50 & 30 subunit),cytoplasm only,one circular chromosome,flagella of simple structure |
| Osmosis: | The diffusion (movement from area of higher concentration to area of lower concentration) of water across a selectively permeable (semipermeable) membrane (ie |
| Isotonic (equal salt): | the concentration of solutes (dissolved salt particles) is the same on opposite sides of the cell membrane. (Water is always moving across the membrane, but the rate of water entering the cell equals the rate of water leaving the cell. |
| Hypertonic (high salt) environment: | a higher solute (dissolved particles) concentration outside the cell. This means the WATER concentration is higher INSIDE the cell. Therefore, water flows out of cell. |
| plasmolysis | during hypertonic, The plasma membrane shrivels or shrinks as water exits the cell. |
| Hypotonic (low salt) environment: | lower solute (dissolved particles) concentration outside the cell. This means the WATER concentration is lower INSIDE the cell. Therefore, water flows into the cell. The plasma membrane expands as water enters the cell. |
| Lysis | occurs in a hypotonic environment with cells lacking a cell wall.;the PM will explode like a baloon filled with too much water. |
| Molecule Transport: | Membrane impermeable molecules such as sugars, amino acids and minerals are required as nutrients by all cells. |
| Protein | mediated Transport: |
| Facilitated diffusion: | Proteins in the PM can carry molecules in greater concentration on one side of the membrane to the opposite side where the moleculeis present in lower concentration |
| Active transport: | Proteins in the PM carry molecules present in lower concentration on one side of the membrane to the opposite side where they occur at a higher concentration. Such molecule movement across the membrane is opposite to the direction the molecule would spon |
| Vesicle mediated transport: | Bacteria can not produce vesicles. This type of transport only occurs in eucaryotic cells. There are two types which differ primarily in the direction in which molecules are moving. |
| Metabolism: | the chemical reactions which occur within organisms which are involved in the production and utilization of chemical energy. |
| Metabolism is divided into two parts: | 1. Catabolism:2. Anabolism: |
| Catabolism: | the chemical reactions which breakdown complex preformed chemicals (nutrients) to simpler chemicals with release of energy. The energy released was the energy stored in the covalent chemical bonds of the degrades nutrient. |
| Anabolism: | the energy requiring chemical reactions in a cell which synthesize the molecules which form the structure of an organism (examples: proteins, phospholipids, polysaccharides, DNA & RNA) |
| Metabolic types: | 1.autotrophs 2. Heterotrophs |
| Autotrophs are subdivided into two types based upon their energy source: | photoautothophs: photosynthetic, use light as energy source;chemoautotrophs: nonphotosynthetic, oxidize |
| Heterotrophs are subdivided into two types based upon their energy source: | Photoheterotrophs: Use light as energy source;Chemoheterotrophs: Energy comes from oxidation of preformed organic molecules. |
| Oxidation | reduction (REDOX) reactions: |
| oxidation: | loss of electrons from some molecule (the molecule which looses electrons is oxidized). |
| reduction: | gain of electrons by some molecule (the molecule which gains electrons is reduced) |
| Biological oxidation | e's lost with H+ |
| dehydrogenation | (the removal of hydrogen). |
| substrates. | when a reaction is catalyzed by an enzyme |
| active site | binding site |
| Enzymes function only within a narrow range of environmental conditions | (temperature, pH, osmolarity) |
| ATP (adenosine triphosphate): | is a carrier of energy in biological systems. It is composed of adenine (A) attached to the sugar ribose (R), which has three attached phosphate groups (P) |
| ATP utilization by cells: | This ATP energy is released upon hydrolysis (catalyzed by some enzyme) of this phosphodiester bond. The energy released is used to do cellular work (examples: membrane permease |
| ATP synthesis: | ATP is synthesized during catabolism |
| Anaerobic metabolism (Fermentation): | this pathway occurs in the absence of oxygen (is anaerobic). |
| Hydrolysis | releases energy needed for cellular work |
| Two metabolic pathways are required to synthesize ATP during fermentation: | 1. Glycolysis2. Fermentation |
| glycolysis | The chemical breakdown in a series of enzyme catalyzed reactions of glucose (a 6 carbon sugar) to a simpler 3 carbon compound, pyruvate. 2 NADH & 2 ATP generated |
| Fermentation: | pyruvate reduced to fermentation product (lactate, ethanol + CO2) by NADH; The pyruvate formed during glycolysis is reduced (electrons are added) to produce some fermentation product. |
| Aerobic (cell) respiration (metabolism): | this process produces large quantities of ATP, but only occurs in the presence of oxygen (is aerobic). |
| Aerobic respiration is the sum of four separate metabolic pathways. | 1. Glycolysis:2. Pyruvate oxidation: 3. Krebs (citric acid, TCA) cycle:4. Electron transport chain & oxidative phosphorylation: |
| Pyruvate Oxidation: | to 2C acetyl |
| Krebs (TCA) Cycle: | acetylCoA oxidized to CO22 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 made |
| Electron Transport & Oxidative Phosphorylation (Chemiosmosis) | the electrons which were stripped from glucose in the first three pathways and are now carried by NADH and FADH2 will be used to synthesize ATP. |
| Electron Transport Chain | Membrane transport proteins;Transfer e's from NADH to O2 to produce water;Transport H+ across membrane to generate a H+ gradient;6H+ per 2e's from NADH (4H+ per FADH2);To cell exterior of bacteria and mito intermembrane space in eucaryotes |
| Chemiosmosis | ATP synthase (channel) makes 1ATP per 2H+ as they cross membrane;Into cyto of bacteria or mito matrix of eucaryotes;H+ gradient energy used to synthesize ATP from ADP + Pi |
| Anaerobic Respiration | Utilization of an inorganic terminal electron acceptor which is NOT O2Inorganic molecules are often the source of e for anaerobic respiration (chemoautotroph) |
| CHO: | polysaccharides converted to or made from glucose |
| Lipid: | converted to or derived from Krebs cycle intermediates |
| AA's: | converted to or derived from pyruvate & Krebs cycle intermediates |
| motility | movement, (means microorganisms are alive) |
| staining | produces contrast |
| contrast | difference between fore ground and background |
| two stages of staining | 1)smear 2) applying stain |
| smear | heat denature and attach (fix) specimen to slide |
| apply stain (dye) | acidic ( |
| net charge on most bacteria | negative, so you would use basic (+) dye |
| simple stain | only one dye is going to be used |
| differential stain | more than one dye is used; differentiates between organism |
| gram stain | differentiates between two bacterial cell wall types. |
| gram positive is colored? | blue |
| gram negative is colore? | pink |
| coccie | spherical |
| bacilli | cylindrical, rod, cigar like |
| vibrio | comma |
| spirillum and spirochete | cork screw |
| pleomorphic | irregular variable |
| aphiapatec | polar and nonpolar |
| peptidoglycan | polysaccharide of two sugars crosslinked by short peptid |
| gram positive | thick, peptidoglycan layer; lipoteichric acids (major antigens) |
| gram negative | thin peptidoglycan layer |
| outer membrane | bilayer large pores |
| lipopolysaccharide | major antigen and endotoxin |
| periplasm | permease filled space between OM and PM (IM) |
| ultrastructure | complex protein composed of basal body, hook, and filament |
| basal body | motor anchored to CM |
| hook | provides curvature |
| filament | flagellum subunits |
| Which group of microbes are incapable of self | replication? |
| Which of the following statements about microbes is false? | Microbes are considerably less diverse than macroscopic organisms such as plants and animals. |
| what are the "3 Domains" of living organsims | archae, eukarya, bacteria |
| Spherically | shaped bacteria are called: |
| How do bacteria divide? | binary fission |
| Which of the following reproduces by budding? | yeast |
| Which of the following is a protozoan that causes malaria? | plasmodium |
| Which of the following reproduces by hyphal growth? | mold |
| Which of the following is surrounded by an elaborate silica shell? | diatom |
| 3 main functions of polysaccharides | storage form of sugars;structural component of cells (cellulose forms the Cell wall of plants and algae, chitin forms the cell wall of some fungi;serve as the point of contact between two cells (of the same organism, or a parasite may contact a host cell |
| Dark | field microscopy: |
| Fluorescence microscopy: | Uses Ultraviolet light to cause dye or natually occuring molecules in a specimen to fluoresce (give off visible light) which then forms the observed image;Used to identify and locate specific molecules within cells |
| Electron Microscopy: "light" source: | Electrons are particles which behave like light but have a smaller wavelength (greater energy), therefore greater resolution (highest resolution is 0.4nm) can be attained using an image generated by electrons. This high resolution image can be greatly ma |
| Transmission electron microscopy (TEM): | The electrons which are transmitted through the specimen form the image;Used to examine internal structures of cells. |
| monotrichous | (a single polar flagellum) |
| amphitrichous | (a tuft of flagella at each end of the cell), |
| lophotrichous | Having two or more flagella at one or both ends of a cell |
| peritrichous | Having flagella distributed over the entire cell |
| photoautothophs: | photosynthetic, use light as energy source. Examples: plants, algae and some bacteria (cyanobacteria) |
| chemoautotrophs: | nonphotosynthetic, oxidize inorganic molecules to obtain energy |
| Photoheterotrophs: | Use light as energy source (carry |
| Chemoheterotrophs: | Energy comes from oxidation of preformed organic molecules. Examples: animals, fungi, protoozoa, most pathogenic bacteria |
Created by:
raisin16
Popular Biology sets