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Biology Study Guide

Module 3

QuestionAnswer
1a Pseudopod A temporary, foot-like extension of a cell, used for locomotion or engulfing food.
1b Nucleus The region of a eukaryotic cell that contains the cell's main DNA.
1c Vacuole A membrane-bounded "sac" within a cell.
1d Ectoplasm The thin, watery cytoplasm near the plasma membrane of some cells.
1e Endoplasm The dense cytoplasm found in the interior of many cells.
1f Flagellate A protozoan that propels itself with a flagellum.
1g Pellicle A firm, flexible coating outside the plasma membrane.
1h Chloroplast An organelle containing chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
1i Chlorophyll A pigment necessary for photosynthesis.
1j Eyespot A light-sensitive region in certain protozoa.
1k Symbiosis A close relationship between two or more species where at least one benefits.
1l Mutualism A relationship between two or more organisms of different species where all benefit from the association.
1m Commensalism A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited.
1n Parasitism A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed.
1o Cilia Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion.
1p Spore A reproductive cell with a hard, protective coating.
1q Plankton Tiny organisms that float in the water.
1r Zooplankton Tiny floating organisms that are either small animals or protozoa.
1s Phytoplankton Tiny floating photosynthetic organisms, primarily algae.
1t Thallus The body of a plant-like organism that is not divided into leaves, roots, or stems.
1u Cellulose A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms.
1v Holdfast A special structure used by an organism to anchor itself.
1w Sessile colony A colony that uses holdfasts to anchor itself to an object.
2a. Study the images of the organisms in Figure 3.1. You will be expected to be able to place each of these organisms into the correct subkingdom and phylum by just looking at its picture. On the test, you will have a list of the subkingdoms and phyla;
2b. you will simply have to match them to the picture.
3. Which of the following genera contain organisms with chloroplasts? Amoeba, Euglena, Paramecium, or Spirogyra. Euglena and Spirogyra.
4. What is the function of a contractile vacuole? What is the difference between this and a food vacuole? To regulate the amount of water in the cell. A food vacuole holds and stores food while it is being digested.
5. What is the difference between endoplasm and ectoplasm? The endoplasm is dense and the ectoplasm is thin and watery.
6. The amoeba and euglena each have different means of locomotion. How are they different? How are they similar? The euglena has a flagellum but the amoeba doesn't. The euglena can also move by means of a worm-like method, which is the only way the amoeba can move.
7. Name at least three pathogenic organisms from kingdom Protista. Entamoeba histolytica, Balantidium coli, and Plasmodium.
8. For each of the phyla listed below, list the means of locomotion employed by the organisms in that phyla: Sarcodina, Mastigophora, Ciliophora. Sarcodina-pseudopod. Mastigophora-rolling latticework. Ciliophora-cilia.
9. What are the main features that separate organisms into phylum Sporozoa? They have no real means of locomotion and they form spores.
10a. A tapeworm is a parasite that feeds on the nutrients which the host eats, depriving the host of that nutrition. Trichonympha is a mastigophorite that lives in the gut of a termite, helping break down chemicals that the termite cannot break down...
10b. ...on its own. Name the specific kind of symbiosis in each of these situations. Mutualism.
11. Why do the ciliates have two nuclei (plural of nucleus)? What is the purpose of each? Because they need one to control matabolism and one to control reproduction.
12. What is the difference between the conjugation that occurs between paramecia and the conjugation that occurs between bacteria? Paramecia exchange DNA and with bacteria there is just one donor transfering one strand to the recipent.
13a. Two microorganism groups are studied. In the first group, the organisms form hard shells around themselves when exposed to life-threatening conditions. If not exposed to those conditions, however, these organisms never form hard shells.
13b. The second group form hard shells around themselves as a natural part of their life cycle. Which group would be classified as coming from phylum Sporozoa? The second.
14. What is unique about the way a euglena obtains food? They are both autotrophic and saprophytic.
15. Which phylum (see list in question #16) contains the organisms responsible for most of the photosynthesis that occurs on earth? What generic term is used to refer to these organisms? Chrysophyta. Diatoms.
16. Give the main function of each of the organelles listed on the left below. Also, choose from the list on the right at least one phylum that has organisms which possess the organelle.
16a. Food vacuole Holds and stores food while it is being digested. Sarcodina.
16b. Contractile vacuole Regulates the amount of water in the cell. Sarcodina.
16c. Flagellum Used for locomotion. Mastigophora.
16d. Pellicle A firm, flexible coating outside the plasma membrane, that usually keeps a euglena in its spindle-like shape. Mastigophora.
16e. Chloroplast Creates food through photosynthesis. Mastigophora.
16f. Eyespot Used to move towards regions of bright light. Mastigophora.
16g. Cilia Used for locomotion. Ciliophora.
16h. Nucleus Contains the cell's main DNA. Sarcodina.
16i. Oral groove Used to eat. Ciliophora.
17. What are large deposits of diatom remains called? List two uses of these deposits. Diatomaceous earth or diatomite. Abrasives and filtering liquids.
18. What is a red tide? Blooms of dinoflagellates which are reddish-brown in color.
19. What two phyla principally contain macroscopic algae? Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta.
20. What substance produced by members of phylum Phaeophyta is useful for thickening ice cream, pudding, salad dressing, and jelly beans? Alginic acid or algin.
Created by: LiseBrinkley
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