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Module 3 Kozier
Asepsis, Safety and Medications
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| resident flora | microorganisms that are normal in one part of the body, put could produce infection in another. ex e.coli |
| infection | an invasion of body tissue by microorganisms and their growth there; such a microorganisms is called an infectious agent |
| disease | a detectable alteration in normal tissue function |
| virulence | the microorganisms ability to produce disease |
| communicable disease | an infectious agent that can be transmitted to an individual by direct or indirect contact or as an airborne infection |
| opportunistic pathogen | causes disease only in a susceptible individual |
| asepsis | freedom from disease-causing microorganisms |
| medical asepsis | includes all practices intended to confine a specific microorganisms to a specific area, limiting the #, growth and transmission of the microorganisms |
| clean | absence of almost all microorganisms |
| dirty | soil, contaminated |
| surgical asepsis | refers to those practices that keep an area or object free of ALL microorganisms; in includes practices that destroy all microorganisms and spores |
| bacteria | by far the most common infection-causing microorganism |
| viruses | consists primarily of nucleic-acid and much enter living cells in order to reproduce |
| fungi | include yeast and mold |
| parasites | live on other living organisms |
| colonization | the process by which strains of microorganisms become resident flora |
| local infection | limited to the specific part of the body where the microorganisms remain |
| systemic infection | when the microorganisms spread and damage different parts of the body |
| bacteremia | microorganisms in the blood |
| septicemia | when bacteremia results in systemic infection; these are becoming more common |
| acute infection | sudden onset; short lasting |
| chronic infection | may occur slowly over a very long period of time; may last months or years |
| nosocomial infection | infections that are associated with delivery of health care services in a health care facility |
| endogenous source | originating from the patient |
| exogenous source | originating from the hospital environment and hospital personal |
| latrogenic infection | the direct result of a diagnostic or therapeutic procedures |
| reservoirs | sources of microorganisms |
| carrier | a person or animal of a specific infectious agent that usually does not manifest any clinical signs of the disease (sometimes s/s are present thought) |
| vehicle-borne transmission | a vehicle that serves as an intermediate means to transport an introduce an infection agent into a susceptible host through a suitable portal of entry |
| vector-borne transmission | a vector is an animal or flying/crawling insect that serves as an intermediate means of transporting the infectious agent |
| direct transmission | involves immediate and direct transfer of microorganisms from person to person through touching, biting, kissing, or sexual intercourse |
| droplet nuclei | the residue of evaporated droplets emitted by an infected host; such as someone with TB |
| compromised host | a person at increased risk; an individual who for one or more reasons is more likely than others to acquire an infection |
| nonspecific defenses | protect the person against all microorganisms regardless of prior exposure |
| specific (immune) defenses | are directed against identifiable bacteria, viruses, fungi or other infectious agents |
| inflammation | a local and nonspecific defensive response of the tissues to an injurious or infectious agent |
| hyperemia | increase in blood supply |
| leukocytes | WBCs |
| leukocytosis | increase # of WBCs in the bloodstream |
| exudate | produced during the 2nd stage of inflammation; consists of fluid that escaped from the blood vessels, dead phagocytic cells, and dead tissue cells and products they release |
| regeneration | the replacement of destroyed tissue cells by cells that are identical or similar in structure and function |
| granulation tissue | a fragile, gelatinous tissue, appearing pink or red because of the many newly formed capillaries |
| antigen | a substance that induces a state of sensitivity or immune response |
| autoantigen | the proteins originate in a person's own body |
| humoral (circulating) immunity | another name for antibody-mediated defenses; because these defenses reside ultimately in the B lymphocytes and are mediated by antibodies produced by B cells |
| antibodies (immunoglobulins) | part of the body's plasma proteins |
| active immunity | the host produces antibodies in response to natural antigens |
| passive (acquired) immunity | the host receives natural or artificial antibodies produced by another source |
| cell-mediated defenses | occur through the T-cell system |
| cultures | lab cultivations of microorganisms in a special growth medium |
| disinfectants | agents that destroy pathogens other than spores |
| sterilization | a process that destroys all microorganisms; including spores and viruses |
| isolation | refers to measures designed to prevent the spread of infections or potentially infection microorganisms to health personal, clients and visitors |
| universal precautions (UP) | techniques to be used with all clients to decrease the risk of transmitting unidentifiable pathogens |
| bloodborne pathogens | microorganisms carried in blood or body fluids that are capable of infecting other persons with serious and difficult to treat viral infections |
| body substance isolation | system that employs generic infection control precautions for all clients except those with the few diseases transmitted through the air |
| airborne precautions | used for clients known to have or suspected of having serious illnesses transmitted by airborne droplet nuclei smaller than 5 microns |
| droplet precautions | are used for clients known or suspected to have serious illness transmitted by particle droplets larger than 5 microns |
| contact precautions | are used for clients known or suspected to have serious illness easily transmitted by direct client contact or by contact with items in the client's environment |
| sterile field | a microorganism free area |
| occupational exposure | is defined as skin, eye, mucous membrane, or parenteral contact with blood or other infectious material that may result from the performance of an employee's duties |
| bio-terrorism | an international attack using weapons of viruses, bacteria and other germs |
| scald | a burn from hot liquid or vapor such as steam |
| burn | from excessive exposure to thermal, chemical or radioactive agents |
| seizure | a sudden onset of excessive electrical discharges in one or more areas of the brain |
| seizure precautions | safety measures taken by the nurse to protect clients from injury should they have a seizure. |
| carbon monoxide | odorless, colorless, tasteless gas that is very toxic |
| asphyxiation | lack of oxygen due to interrupted breathing |
| heimlich maneuver | abdominal thrust, which can dislodge the foreign object and reestablish an airway |
| electric shock | occurs when a current travels though the body to the ground |
| restraints | protective devices used to limit the physical activity of the client or a part of the body |
| physical restraints | any manual method of physical or mechanical device, material, or equipment attached to the client's body; they cannot be removed easily and they restrict the client's movement |
| chemical restraint | medications such as neuroleptics, anxiolytics, sedatives and psychotropic agents used to control socially disruptive behavior |
| medication | is a substance administered for the diagnosis, cure, treatment or relief of a symptom or for prevention of disease |
| prescription | written direction for the preparation and administration of a drug |
| generic name | name that is given before a drug becomes officially an approved medication |
| official name | the name under which it is listed in one of the official publications |
| chemical name | the name by which a chemist knows it |
| trade name | the name given by the drug manufacturer |
| pharmacology | is the study of the effect of drugs on living organisms |
| pharmacy | is the art of preparing, compounding, and dispensing drugs |
| pharmacist | a person licensed to prepare and dispense drugs and to make up prescriptions |
| pharmacopoeia | a book containing a list of products used in medicine, with description of the product, chemical tests for determining identity and purity, and formulas and prescriptions |
| therapeutic effect (drug effect) | the primary effect intended; the reason the drug is prescribed |
| side effect (adverse effects) | effects of the drug that were unintended |
| drug toxicity | harmful effects of a drug on an organism or tissue |
| drug allergy | an immunologic response to a drug |
| drug tolerance | exists in a person who has unusually low physiologic response to a drug and who requires increases in the dosage to maintain a given therapeutic effect |
| cumulative effect | the increasing response to repeated doses of a drug that occurs when the rate of administration exceeds the rate of metabolism or excretion |
| idiosyncratic effect | one that is unexpected and may be unique to a client |
| drug interaction | occurs when the administration of one drug before, at the same time or after another drug alters the effect of one or both drugs |
| potentiating effect | when the drug interaction increases the effect of the drugs |
| inhibiting effect | when the drug interaction decreases the effect of the drugs |
| synergistic | when 2 different drugs increase the action of one or another drug ex: aspirin and codeine |
| Iatrogenic disease | disease cause unintentionally by medical therapy |
| drug abuse | inappropriate intake of a substance, either continually or periodically |
| drug dependence | a person's reliance on or need to take a drug or substance |
| physiologic dependence | due to biochemical changes in body tissues, especially in the nervous system |
| psychological dependence | emotional reliance on a drug to maintain a sense of well-being accompanied by feelings of need and cravings for that drug |
| drug habituation | a mild form of psychological dependence |
| Illicit drugs | street drugs, or drugs sold illegally |
| onset of action | the time after administration when the body initially responds to the drug |
| peak plasma level | the heights plasma level achieved by a single does when the elimination rate of a drug equals the absorption rate |
| drug half-life | the time required for the elimination process to reduce the concentration of the drug to 1/2 of what it was at initial administration |
| plateau | a maintained concentration of a drug in the plasma during a series of scheduled doses |
| receptor | usually a protein, located on the surface of a cell membrane or within the cell |
| agonist | a drug that produces the same type of response as the physiological or endogenous substance |
| antagonist | a drug that inhibits cell function by occupying receptor sites |
| pharmacokinetics | the study of the absorption, distribution, biotransformation and excretion of drugs |
| Absorption | the process which a drug passes into the bloodstream |
| distribution | the transportation of a drug from its sites of absorption to its site of action |
| biotransformation (detoxification or metabolism) | is a process by which a drug is converted to a less active form; this usually takes place in the liver, where many metabolizing enzymes detoxify the drugs |
| metabolites | the products of biotransformation/detoxification/metabolism |
| excretion | the process by which metabolites and drugs are eliminated from the body |
| pharmacogenetics | the variation of a client's response to a drug influenced by genetic factors, such as; gender, size and body composition |
| ethnopharmacology | the study of the effect of ethnicity on responses to prescribed medication |
| Oral administration | most common, least expensive and most convenient route |
| sublingual | administered under the tongue where it dissolves |
| buccal | where the drug is held in the mouth against the mucous membrane of the cheek until it dissolves |
| parenteral | administered by needle |
| subcutaneous | into the subcutaneous tissue, just below the skin |
| intramuscular | into a muscle |
| intradermal | under the epidermis |
| intravenous | into a vein |
| intrathecal | into the spinal canal |
| epidural | into the epidural space |
| topical | applied to a circumscribed surface area of the body |
| stat order | to be given immediately and only once |
| single order | one-time order; given once at a specific time |
| standing order | repeating orders that continue on indefinitely unless there is a specified termination date |
| PRN order | as-needed; allows the nurse to give a medication when, in the nurse's judgment, the client requires it |
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nymph487
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