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Chapter 5 vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cell cycle | the life cycle of the cell; in eukaryotes, it consists of a cell-growth period in which DNA is synthesized and a cell-division period in which mitosis takes place |
| mitosis | in eukaryotic cells, a process of cell division that forma two nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes |
| cytokinesis | the division of the cytoplasm of a cell; it follows the division of the cell's nucleus by mitosis or meiosis |
| chromosome | in a eukaryotic cell one of the structures in the nucleus that are made up of DNA and protein; in a prokaryotic cell the main ring of DNA |
| histone | a type of protein molecule found in the chromosomes of eukaryotic cells but not prokaryotic cells |
| chromatin | the substance that composes eukaryotic chromosomes; it consists of specific proteins DNA and small amounts of RNA |
| chromatid | one of the 2 strands of a chromosome that become visible during meiosis or mitosis |
| centromere | the region of the chromosome that holds the 2 sister chromatids together during mitosis |
| telomere | the region at the tip of a chromosome; a region of repeating DNA sequence that forms one of the end points of the DNA segment that makes up a chromosome |
| prophase | first phase of mitosis when chromatin condenses, the nuclear envelope breaks down, the nucleolus disappears, and the centrosomes and centrioles migrate to opposite sides of the cell |
| metaphase | 2nd phase of mitosis when spindle fibers align the chromosomes along the cell equator |
| anaphase | 3rd phase of mitosis during which chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite sides of the cell |
| telophase | last phase of mitosis when a complete set of identical chromosomes is positioned at each pole of the cell, the nuclear membranes start to form, the chromosomes begin to uncoil, and the spindle fibers disassemble |
| growth factor | broad group of proteins that stimulate cell division |
| apoptosis | programmed cell death |
| cancer | a type of disorder of cell growth that results in invasion and destruction of surrounding healthy tissue by abnormal cells |
| benign | having no dangerous effect on health, especially referring to an abnormal growth of cells that are not cancerous; remain clustered; cured by removal |
| malignant | cancerous tumor in which cells break away and spread to other parts of the body, causing harm to the organism's health |
| metastasize | to spread by transferring a disease-causing agent from the site of the disease to other parts of the body |
| carcinogen | substance that produces or promotes the development of cancer |
| asexual reproduction | reproduction that does not involve the union of gametes and in which a single parent produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent |
| binary fission | a form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size |
| tissue | a group of similar cells that perform a common function |
| organ | a collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body |
| organ system | two or more organs that work in a coordinated way to carry out similar functions |
| cell differentiation | the process by which a cell becomes specialized for a specific structure or function during multicellular development |
| stem cell | cell that can divide for long periods of time while remaining undifferentiated |
| Kinases | enzymes that when activated, transfer a phosphate group from one molecule to a specific target molecule which increases energy of the target molecule or changes its shape |
| Cyclins | group of proteins that are rapidly made and destroyed at certain points in the cell cycle (checkpoints) |
| hormones | growth factor |
| Platelets | sticky fragments of bone marrow that form clots to stop bleeding |
| Erythropoietin | stimulates the production only of cells that will become red blood cells (need more in mtns. bc less O2) |
| Oncogenes | accelerate the cell cycle |
| Radiation... | kills cells & shrinks tumors |
| Chemotherapy | drugs that can kill actively dividing cells |
| Totipotent | can grow into any other cell type |
| Pluripotent | can grow into any cell type except for totipotent |
| Multipotent | can grow only into cells of a closely related family |
Created by:
rmve123