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Bio 181 Chapter 1-2
Study for Exam #1 part 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A type of cell with a membrane enclosed organelles. For example: Protists, plants, fungi and animals. | Eukaryotic cell |
| A type of cell lacking a membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles. For example: bacteria and archaea. | Prokaryotic Cell |
| The entire library of genetic instructions that an organism inherits. | Genome |
| An experiment in which an experimental group is compared with a control group that varies only in the factor being tested. | Controlled Experiment |
| Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations. Substances consist of 2 or more elements. | Compounds |
| Anything that takes up space and has mass (Organisms) | Matter |
| A substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions. | Element |
| Majority of living matter are made of which elements? | SPONCH |
| Life requires about ___ chemical | 25 |
| ______________ are required by an organism but only in minute quantities. | Trace Elements |
| ______________determines the behavior of an element | Atomic structure |
| The smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element. | Atom |
| Atoms are composed of even smaller parts, called ____________. | subatomic particles |
| _________ and ________, are packed together to form a dense core, the atomic nucleus, at the center of an atom. | Neutrons and Protons |
| __________ form a cloud around the nucleus and has one unit of negative charge. | Electrons |
| Each proton has one unit of _______ charge. | Positive |
| ________ are electrically neutral. | Neutrons |
| For convenience, an alternative unit of measure, the _______, is used to measure the mass subatomic particles, atoms or molecules. | Dalton |
| Each element has a unique number of protons, its unique __________. | atomic number |
| The __________ is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. | mass number |
| The __________ of an atom, a measure of its mass, can be approximated by the mass number. | atomic weight |
| Two atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons are called _______. | isotopes |
| The different states of potential energy that the electrons of an atoms can have are called ___________. | energy levels or electron shells |
| The chemical behavior of an atom depends mostly on the number of electrons in its outermost shell, the __________. | valence shell |
| Electrons in the valence shell are known as _________. | valence electrons |
| the atoms remaining close together, held by an attractions called ________. | chemical bonds |
| A _________ is the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms. | covalent bond |
| Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds constitute a ________. | molecule |
| We can abbreviate the structure of this molecule by substituting a line for each pair of shared electrons, drawing the __________. | structural formula |
| The __________ indicates the number and types of atoms present in a single molecule. | molecular formula |
| Two atoms can form a molecule by sharing two pairs of valence electrons which form a _________. | double covalent bond |
| The attraction of an atom for the electrons of a covalent bond is called its __________. | electronegativity |
| If electrons in a covalent bond are shared equally, then this is a ____________. | nonpolar covalent bond |
| If the electrons in a covalent bond are not shared equally by the two atoms, then this is a ______________. | polar covalent bond |
| An __________ can form if two atoms are so unequal in their attraction for valence electrons that one atom strips an electron completely from the other. | ionic bond |
| Atoms with positive charges are _______. | cations |
| Atoms with negative charges are _______. | anion |
| ____________ form when a hydrogen atom that is already covalently bonded to a strongly electronegative atom is attracted to another strongly electronegative atom. | Hydrogen bonds |
| Molecules or atoms in close proximity can be attracted by these fleeting charge differences, creating ___________. | van der Waals interactions |
| In __________ chemical bonds are broken and reformed, leading to new arrangements of atoms. | chemical reactions |
| The starting molecules in the process are called _________ and the end molecules are called _________. | Reactants and Products |
| Four of water’s properties that facilitate an environment for life are: | Cohesive behavior Ability to moderate temperature Expansion upon freezing Versatility as a solvent |
| A _______ is a liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of substances | solution |
| A _____ is the dissolving agent of a solution | solvent |
| The ______ is the substance that is dissolved | solute |
| An __________ is one in which water is the solvent | aqueous solution |
| A ________ substance is one that has an affinity for water | hydrophilic |
| A ________ substance is one that does not have an affinity for water | hydrophobic |
| An ____ is any substance that increases the H+ concentration of a solution and donates hydrogen ions. | acid |
| A ____ is any substance that reduces the H+ concentration of a solution and accepts hydrogen ions. | base |
| The __ of a solution is defined by the negative logarithm of H+ concentration | pH |
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