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Term 4 4
Immunity, Antigens, Pathogens and Lines of defense
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The immune system is made up of a group of ........... tissues, ......... and ............ vessels that assist the ........ to .......... infections through ................ cells. | The immune system is made up of a group of lymphoid tissues, organs and lymphatic vessels that help the body to resist infections through specialized cells. |
| What are Lymphocytes? | A class of white blood cell |
| what do they do? | Travel through the lymph nodes looking for foreign material. |
| What is immunity? | The reaction that occurs in an animal in response to an infection. |
| What are Antigens? | Compounds usually made of protein and carbohydrates |
| Antigens can be ....... or ...... ........? | They can be self or not self |
| What is self? | the material made by the body it inhabits |
| What is non self? | Material that are not made by the body it inhabits. |
| What do they do? | trigger the immune system to respond in different ways |
| What will a Non-self antigen do? | Trigger the production of an Antibody |
| What are Antibodies? | Proteins produced by lymphocytes (white blood cell). |
| Why are they produced? | In response to non-self antigens |
| What do they react with specifically? | The antigens that trigger their production. |
| What are pathogens? | Organisms that can cause disease in a host (eg Bacteria, fungus, virus,) |
| .......... on the surface of ............ will ......... the .......... ........ to respond. | antigens on the surface of pathogens will trigger the immune system to respond. |
| ........... will produce antibodies specific to the .........? | Lymphocytes will produce antibodies specific to the antigen. |
| What will the antibody react with? | Antibody will react with the Antigen. |
| How? | By combining with it and disabling it. |
| What will this do? | Stop the pathogen from causing disease in the host organisms |
| What is nonspecific immunity | Natural or innate immunity that doesn't change or adapt over time due to exposure to invasions. |
| What does it involve? | Psychical and Chemical barriers to infections |
| Why nonspecific? | Because it reacts the same to each invasion (no memory) |
| What is specific immunity? | Immunity that is acquired or adapted over time due to exposure of different invasions. |
| What does it involve? | Production of the specialized cells or substances antibodies. |
| Why specific? | The reaction depends on the type of invasion. |
| What is the purpose of the first line of defense? | Preventing invasion of micro-organisms by attempting to stop them entering the body |
| First line defense are all forms of ............ ................. | Nonspecific immunity |
| Skin? | covers almost all of us, acts as a barrier to invading micro-organisms |
| Extra info? | Skin glands produce fatty acids and sweat contain salt. Both of these prevent bacteria. |
| Mucous membranes? | Trap bacteria, cilia sweeps the bacteria up to the back of the throat. Cilia also acts as a barrier. |
| How is it got rid of? | Sneezed, coughed or blown out. Sometimes swallowed. |
| Natural Secretions | Contain substances that can kill bacteria (e.g. enzymes and acids) |
| Natural flora? | Many animals have naturally occurring bacteria on the skin, in the gut and in the vagina. |
| What doe this naturally occurring bacteria do? | It prevents the growth of pathogenic bacteria. |
| The second line of defense are all forms of ............ ...............? | Nonspecific immunity |
| Phagocytes? | Engulf and destroy many micro-organisms and foreign materials that enter the body. |
| Natural Killer Cells | Kill virus infected body cells. |
| What is the white blood cells role in this? | Attach to and help destroy other blood parasties such as worms that are too large to engulf. |
| How do Compliment Proteins assist Phagocytes? | They help phagocytes recognize and attach to invading micro-organisms. |
| Interferon? | Proteins produced by cells which acts on uninfected cells. |
| What does this cause? | This causes antiviral proteins to be made. |
| Cytokines? | proteins molecules that act as messengers between cells and the immune system. |
| Inflammation? | Reaction to an infection that occurs when arterioles in the affected area dilate |
| What does this do? | Increases both blood flow and phagocytes in that area. |
Created by:
zarap103
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