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OXYGENATION
Nursing Funds Mod B Oxygen
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| OXYGEN | BASIC HUMAN NEED |
| HEART & LUNGS | SUPPLY THE BODY W/ OXYGEN NECESSARY FOR CARRYING OUT THE RESPIRATORY & METABOLIC PROCESSES NEEDED TO SUSTAIN LIFE |
| CARDIOPULMONARY SYSTEM | TO PROVIDE OXYGEN TO THE TISSUES AND REMOVE CARBON DIOXIDE & WASTE PRODUCTS FROM THE BODY |
| VENTILATION | THE MOVEMENT OF AIR IN & OUT OF THE LUNGS |
| DIFFUSION | MOVEMENT OF GASES BETWEEN AIR SPACES & THE BLOODSTREAM AT THE ALVEOLI |
| RESPIRATION | THE EXCHANGE OF O2 & CO2 DURING CELLULAR METABOLISM |
| PERFUSION | MOVEMENT OF BLOOD INTO & OUT OF THE LUNGS TO THE ORGANS & TISSUES OF THE BODY |
| RIGHT LUNG | 3 LOBES UPPER, MIDDLE, LOWER |
| LEFT LUNG | 2 LOBES UPPER, LOWER |
| ALVEOLI | GAS EXCHANGE IN THE LUNGS |
| NEURAL REGULATORS (CNS) | SENDS SIGNALS TO THE CHEST WALL MUSCULATURE TO CONTROL VENTILATION RATE, DEPTH, & RHYTHM |
| CHEMICAL REGULATION | INVOLVES THE INFLUENCE OF CHEMICALS SUCH AS CARBON DIOXIDE & HYDROGEN IONS, WHICH AFFECT THE RATE & DEPTH OF VENTILATION |
| OXYGENATION | AMOUNT OF OXYGEN ENTERING THE LUNGS FROM THE ATMOSPHERE; FUNCTION OF THE CARDIOPULMONARY SYSTEM |
| HEMOGLOBIN | TRANSPORTS MOST OXYGEN & SERVES AS A CARRIER FOR BOTH OXYGEN & CARBON DIOXIDE |
| OXYHEMOGLOBIN | HEMOGLOBIN MOLECULE COMBINED WITH OXYGEN |
| OXYGEN TRANSPORT | -O2 ENTERING LUNGS -BLOOD FLOW TO THE LUNGS -O2 CARRING CAPACITY OF BLOOD WHICH IS INFLUENCED BY: - AMOUNT OF O2 |
| HYPOXIA | INADEQUETE TISSUE OXYGENATION WITH A DEFICIENCY IN OXYGEN DELIVERY OR OXYGEN UTILIZATION AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL; LIFE THREATENING |
| HYPOVOLEMIA | DEHYDRATION/SHOCK |
| SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF HYPOXIA | -TACHYCARDIA -PERIPHERAL VASOCONTRICTION -DIZZINESS -MENTAL CONFUSION |
| TREATMENT OF HYPOXIA | -CARDIAC & RESPIRATORY STIMULANT DRUGS -OXYGEN THERAPY -MECHANICAL VENTILATION -FREQUENT ANALYSIS OF BLOOD GASES |
| HYPOXEMIA | AN ABNORMAL DEFICIENCY IN THE CONCENTRATION OF OXYGEN IN ARTERIAL BLOOD; A LOW PARTIAL PRESSURE OF OXYGEN (PaO2) |
| VALVES OF THE HEART | TRICUSPID - PULMONARY - MITRAL - AORTIC TOILET - PAPER - MY - ASS |
| HYPOVENTILATION | WHEN VENTILATION IS INADEQUATE TO MEET THE OXYGEN DEMANDS OF THE BODY TO ELIMINATE CARBON DIOXIDE |
| AS VENTILATION DECREASES | PaCO2 INCREASES |
| HYPERCAPNIA | HIGH CARBON DIOXIDE LEVELS |
| HYPERVENTILATION | AN INCREASE IN RESPIRATORY RATE, RESULTING IN EXCESS AMOUNTS OF CARBON DIOXIDE ELIMINATION |
| TETANY | CARPOPEDAL SPASM (MUSCLE SPASM OF HANDS/FEET) |
| SYSTOLE | CONTRACTION PHASE; BLOOD IS EXPELLED FROM THE VENTRICLES |
| DIASTOLE | RELAXATION PHASE; BLOOD FILLS THE VENTRICLES |
| MYOCARDIUM | HEART MUSCLE |
| MOTTLING | REDDISH/PURPLISH BLOTCHY SKIN; DECREASED PERFUSION |
| AFTERLOAD | RESISTANCE TO THE EJECTION OF BLOOD FROM THE LEFT VENTRICLE |
| LEFT VENTRICLE/AORTIC PRESSURE FACT | LEFT VENTRICULAR PRESSURE MUSCLE BE GREATER THAN THE AORTIC PRESSURE TO EJECT BLOOD FROM THE HEART |
| PRELOAD | AMOUNT OF BLOOD AT THE END OF VENTRICULAR DIASTOLE (END-DIASTOLIC PRESSURE) |
| CONTRACTION & RELAXATION | 1 CARDIAC CYCLE |
| CARDIAC OUTPUT (CO) | AMOUNT OF BLOOD EJECTED FROM THE LEFT VENTRICLE EACH MINUTES (adults = 4-6 L/min) |
| STROKE VOLUME (SV) x HEART RATE (HR) = | CARDIAC OUTPUT |
| STROKE VOLUME (SV) | AMOUNT OF BLOOD EJECTED FROM THE VENTRICLE W/ EACH CONTRACTION (adult = 50-75 mL/contraction) |
| HEART RATE (HR) | BEATS PER MINUTE; REGULATED BY THE SYMPATHETIC & PARASYMPATHETIC SYSTEMS (60-100 beats/min) |
| MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTILITY | ABILITY OF THE HEART TO SQUEEZE BLOOD FROM THE VENTRICLES & PREPARE FOR THE NEXT CONTRACTION |
| CARDIAC INDEX | A MEASURE OF ADEQUACY OF THE CARDIAC OUTPUT |
| CONDUCTION SYSTEM | GENERATES IMPULSES THAT INITIATE THE ELECTRICAL MECHANICAL CHAIN OF EVENTS FOR A NORMAL HEARTBEAT |
| SINOATRIAL (SA) NODE | -"PACEMAKER" OF THE HEART -IN RIGHT ATRIUM NEXT TO SUPERIOR VENA CAVA -IMPULSES BEGIN AT RATE OF 60-100 beats/min |
| ATRIOVENTRICULAR (AV) NODE | -MEDIATES IMPULSE TRANSMISSION BETWEEN THE ATRIA & VENTRICLES -TRANSMITS THROUGH BUNDLE OF HIS & PURKINJE NETWORK FOR ATRIAL EMPTYING |
| ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG) | RECORDS ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY OF THE CONDUCTION SYSTEM AS WAVES & COMPLEXES |
| NORMAL SINUS RHYTHM (NSR) | NORMAL SEQUENCE OF ELECTRICAL IMPULSES ON AN ECG |
| NORMAL ECG WAVEFORM CONSISTS OF: | -P WAVE (atrial depolarization) -QRS COMPLEX (ventricular depolarization) -T WAVE (ventricular repolarization) |
| HEART FAILURE | FAILURE OF THE MYOCARDIUM TO EJECT SUFFICIENT BLOOD VOLUME TO THE SYSTEMIC & PULMONARY CIRCULATIONS |
| MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA | WHEN CORONARY ARTERY DOES NOT SUPPLY SUFFICIENT BLOOD TO THE HEART MUSCLE |
| DECREASED PERFUSION = | CHEST PAIN |
| ANGINA PECTORIS | DECREASED BLOOD FLOW TO THE MYOCARDIUM DUE TO SPASMS OR TEMPORARY CONSTRICTION |
| MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION | NECROSIS OF A PORTION OF CARDIAC MUSCLE CAUSED BY OBSTRUCTION IN A CORONARY ARTERY |
| VALVULAR HEART DISEASE | AN ACQUIRED/CONGENITAL DISORDER OF A CARDIAC VALVE CHARACTERIZED BY STENOSIS = OBSTRUCTED BLOOD FLOW = BACKFLOW OF BLOOD RESULTS |
| LEFT-SIDED HEART FAILURE | -IMPAIRED FUNCTIONING OF THE LEFT VENTRICLE -INCREASED PRELOAD OR AFTERLOAD -DECREASED BLOOD EJECTED FROM THE LEFT VENTRICLE -DECREASED CARDIAC OUTPUT -CRACKLES ON AUSCULTATION |
| ORTHOPNEA | DIFFICULTY BREATHING WHILE LYING DOWN |
| RIGHT-SIDED HEART FAILURE | -IMPAIRED FUNCTION OF THE RIGHT VENTRICLE CAUSED BY PULMONARY DISEASE/HYPERTENSION -INCREASE IN PULMONARY SYSTEM -INCREASED RESISTANCE IN THE RIGHT VENTRICLE -RIGHT VENTRICLE FAILS AS A RESULT OF DISTENDED JUGULAR VEINS -PERIPHERAL EDEMA |
| DYSRHYTHMIA | DISTURBANCE IN THE ELECTRICAL IMPULSE OF THE HEART RHYTHM |
| TACHYCARDIA | >100 BEATS/MIN |
| BRADYCARDIA | <60 BEATS/MIN |
| ATRIAL FIBRILLATION (A-FIB) | IRREGULAR ATRIAL ACTIVITY RESULTING IN AN IRREGULAR VENTRICAL RESPONSE W/ RESULTANT IRREGULAR CARDIAC RATE/RHYTHM; NO IDENTIFYABLE P-WAVE |
| VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA | RHYTHM SLIGHTLY IRREGULAR; RATE 100-200 BEATS/MIN; P WAVE ABSENT; QRS COMPLEX WIDE >0.12 SECONDS |
| VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION | -IRREGULAR & CHAOTIC RHYTHM W/ NO DISCERNIBLE WAVES/RATE |
| ASYSTOLE | ABSENCE OF ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY; NO DISCERNIBLE RATE/RHYTHM; PULSELESS/APNEIC |
| ANEMIA | A DEFICIENCY OF RED BLOOD CELLS OR OF HEMOGLOBIN IN THE BLOOD, RESULTING IN PALLOR/WEARINESS |
| 97% OF OXYGEN IS CARRIED ON THE HEMOGLOBIN MOLECULE | TRUE STORY :) |
| CARBON MONOXIDE | MOST COMMON TOXIC INHALANT THAT DECREASES OXYGEN-CARRYING CAPACITY IN BLOOD CREATING HYPOXIA |
| DECREASED CONCENTRATED OF INSPIRED OXYGEN = | DECREASED OXYGEN CARRYING CAPACITY OF BLOOD |
| INSPIRED OXYGEN CONCENTRATION | FiO2 |
| INCREASED METABOLIC | INCREASED OXYGEN DEMAND |
| FEVER INCREASED NEED OF THE TISSUES FOR OXYGEN = | INCREASED CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCTION |
| DIAPHRAGMATIC MOVEMENT | ABILITY TO EXPAND & CONTRACT THE CHEST |
| ATELECTASIS | COLLAPSE OF ALVEOLI, PREVENTING NORMAL RESPIRATORY EXCHANGE OF OXYGEN & CARBON MONOXIDE |
| DISEASE/TRAUMA INVOLVING THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA & SPINAL CORD OF THE CNS W/OR HAS THE ABILITY TO IMPAIR RESPIRATION | MMM HMMMM YES IT DOES....PLEASE BE CAREFUL! |
| FLAIL CHEST | FRACTURES CAUSE INSTABILITY IN PART OF THE CHEST WALL; LIFE-THREATENING |
| PARADOXICAL BREATHING | LUNG UNDERLYING THE INJURED AREA CONTRACTS ON INSPIRATION & EXPANDS ON EXPIRATION |
| SURFACTANT | A CHEMICAL IN THE LUNG THAT MAINTAINS THE INTEGRITY OF THE ALVEOLI, KEEPING THE ALVEOLI DRY & PREVENTING ALVEOLAR COLLAPSE; DEVELOPS @ 7 MONTHS GESTATION |
| AHA | AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION |
| ALA | AMERICAN LUNG ASSOCIATION |
| ATS | AMERICAN THORACIC SOCIETY |
| ACS | AMERICAN CANCER SOCIETY |
| AHRQ | AGENCY FOR HEALTHCARE RESEARCH & QUALITY |
| FATIGUE | SUBJECTIVE SENSATION REPORTED AS A LOSS OF ENDURANCE |
| PAROXYSMAL NOCTURNAL DYSPNEA (PND) | DYSPNEA THAT OCCURS DURING SLEEP |
| ORTHOPNEA | ABNORMAL CONDITION WHILE LYING DOWN HAS DIFFICULTY BREATHING |
| WHEEZING | HIGH-PITCHED MUSICAL SOUND CAUSED BY HIGH-VELOCITY MOVEMENT OF AIR THROUGH A NARROWED AIRWAY; ASTHMA, ACUTE BRONCHITIS, PNEUMONIA |
| COUGH | A SUDDEN, AUDIBLE EXPULSION OF AIR FROM THE LUNGS |
| HEMOPTYSIS | BLOODY SPUTUM |
| CASCADE COUGH | HOLD BREATHE FOR 2 SECONDS AND THEN COUGH |
| HUFF COUGH | SAYS HUFF WHILE COUGHING |
| QUAD COUGH | PT COUGH WHILE HOLDING ABDOMEN |
| PRODUCTIVE COUGH | RESULTS IN SPUTUM PRODUCTION THAT IS SWALLOWED OR EXPECTORATED |
| INFLUENZA | VIRAL INFECTION THAT CAN CAUSE SERIOUS COMPLICATIONS |
| OXYGEN THERAPY | -TO PREVENT/RELIEVE HYPOXIA -OXYGEN IS A DRUG -7 RIGHTS APPLY TO OXYGEN ADMINISTRATION |
| NASAL CANNULA | SIMPLE/COMFORTABLE (1-6 L/MIN) |
| TRANSTRACHAEAL CANNULA | IV SIZE CATHETER INTO TRACHEA (1/4-4 L/MIN) |
| OXYGEN MASKS | ADMIN O2; HUMIDITY/HEAT |
| SIMPLE FACE MASKS | SHORT-TERM O2 (5-8 L/MIN) |
| PARTIAL NON-REBREATHER | HIGH CONCENTRATION O2 (6-10 L/MIN) |
| VENTURI MASK | HIGH-FLOW O2 (4-12 L/MIN) |
| HUMIDIFICATION | -BUBBLING OXYGEN THROUGH WATER -MORE THAN 4 L/MIN SOURCE OF HAI |
| NEBULIZER | AEROSOL PRINCIPLE TO SUSPEND A MAXIMUM NUMBER OF WATER DROPS/PARTICLES OF THE DESIRED SIZE IN INSPIRED AIR;MEDICATED |
| ARTIFICIAL AIRWAY | PATIENT W/ DECREASED LEVEL OF CONSCIOUSNESS; AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION, MECHANICAL VENTILATION, OR REMOVE TRACHEOBRONCHIAL SECRETIONS |
| ORAL AIRWAY | PREVENTS OBSTRUCTION OF THE TRACHEA BY DISPLACEMENT OF THE TONGUE INTO THE OROPHARYNX; MEASURED JAW TO EAR LOBE |
| TRACHEAL AIRWAY | ENDOTRACHEAL, NASOTRACHEAL, TRACHEAL; DEEP TRACHEAL SUCTIONING |
| 45 DEG. LYING ANGLE SEMI-FOWLER | -CARDIOPULMONARY DISEASES -HEALTH LUNG SIDE DOWN IF PNEUMOTHORAX OR ATELECTASIS -AFFECTED LUNG SIDE DOWN IF PULMONARY ABSCESS OR HEMORRHAGE |
| INCENTIVE SPIROMETRY | METHOD OF ENCOURAGING VOLUNTARY DEEP BREATHING BY PROVIDING VISUAL FEEDBACK TO PTS. ABOUT INSPIRATORY VOLUME (BLOW INTO TUBE TO RAISE THE COLORED BALLS AND HOLD AS LONG AS YOU CAN) |
| CHEST PHYSIOTHERAPY (CPT) | MOBILIZES PULMONARY SECRETIONS INCLUDES: POSTURAL DRAINAGE, CHEST PERCUSSION & VIBRATIONS FOLLOWED BY COUGHING/SUCTIONING; >30 mL OF SPUTUM/DAY |
| POSTURAL DRAINAGE | USE OF POSITIONING TECHNIQUES TO DRAIN SECRETIONS FROM |
| CHEST PERCUSSION | STRIKING THE CHEST WALL OVER THE AREA W/ A CUPPED HAND; ALTERNATE HAND MOTION; CHANGES CONSISTENCY/LOCATION OF SPUTUM |
| VIBRATION | FINE, SHAKING PRESSURE APPLIED TO THE CHEST WALL ONLY DURING EXHALATION; SHAKES MUCOUS LOOSE & INDUCES COUGH; PERFORM ON INFANTS & YOUNG CHILDREN |
| CHEST TUBE | CATHETER INSERTED THROUGH THE RIB CAGE INTO THE PHEURAL SPACE TO REMOVE AIR OR FLUIDS |
| PNEUMOTHORAX | COLLECTION OF AIR OR OTHER GAS IN THE PHEURAL SPACE; COLLAPSED LUNG |
| HEMOTHORAX | AN ACCUMULATION OF BLOOD IN THE PHEURAL CAVITY BETWEEN THE PARIETAL & VISCERAL PLEURAE; USUALLY FROM TRAUMA; PREVENTS FULL EXPANSION |
| NON-INVASIVE VENTILATION (NIV) | MAINTAINS POSITIVE AIRWAY PRESSURE & IMPROVES ALVEOLAR VENTILATION W/O ARTIFICIAL AIRWAY; CPAP/BIPAP |
| CARDIAC ARREST | SUDDEN CESSATION OF CARDIAC OUTPUT & CIRCULATION; HEART, BRAIN & TISSUE DAMAGE OCCURS WITHIN 4-6 MIN.; LACK OF PULSE/RESPIRATION |
| CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (CPR) | BASIC EMERGENCY PROCEDURE OF ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION & MANUAL EXTERNAL CARDIAC MASSAGE |
| C-A-B | CHEST COMPRESSION/AIRWAY/BREATHING |
| DEFIBRILLATION RECOMMENDATIONS | 5 MINUTES OUT OF HOSPITAL SETTING 3 MINUTES IN HOSPITAL SETTING |
| CHEST COMPRESSIONS | 100 COMPRESSIONS/MIN |
| 1 OR 2 RESCUER ON AGE 8 AND OLDER | 30 CHEST COMPRESSIONS THEN 2 BREATHS |
| 2 RESCUER ON AGE 7 AND UNDER | 15 COMPRESSIONS THEN 2 BREATHS |
| CARDIOPULMONARY REHABILITATION | ACTIVELY HELPING A PT. ACHIEVE & MAINTAIN AN OPTIMAL LEVEL OF HEALTH THROUGH CONTROLLD PHYSICAL EXERCISE, NUTRITION COUNSELING, RELAXATION & STRESS MANAGEMENT, PRESCRIBED MEDICATIONS, & OXYGEN ADMINISTRATION |
| PURSED-LIP BREATHING | DEEP INSPIRATION & PROLONGED EXPIRATION THROUGH PURSED-LIPS TO PREVENT ALVEOLAR COLLAPSE; SIT UP, DEEP BREATH IN & BLOW OUT THROUGH PURSED LIPS |
| DIAPHRAGMATIC BREATHING | PT. TO RELAX THE INTERCOSTAL & ACCESSORY RESPIRATORY MUSCLES WHILE TAKING DEEP INSPIRATIONS; 2 HANDS W/ 1 BELOW THE BREASTBONE & OTHER 2-3 CM. BELOW MOVING ONLY LOWER HAND ON INSPIRATION |
| THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HYPOXIA AND HYPOXEMIA IS: | HYPOXIA IS INADEQUATE OXYGEN AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL |
| A NURSE IS CARING FOR A PATIENT IN RESPIRATORY DISTRESS. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS INCLUDED IN THE ASSESSMENT? (select all that apply) | - USE OF ACCESSORY MUSCLES OF RESPIRATION - RESPIRATORY RATE - PULSE OXIMETRY - ABILITY TO CONVERSE |
| THE NORMAL ELECTRICAL PATHWAY OF THE HEART IS: | SA NODE-ATRIA-AV NODE BUNDLE OF HIS-PURKINJE FIBERS-VENTRICLES |
| THE MOST EFFECTIVE BREATHING TECHNIQUES FOR A PATIENT WITH COPD INCLUDE: | PURSED LIP BREATHING |
| AFTERLOAD IS DEFINED AS: | THE RESISTANCE OF THE EJECTION OF BLOOD FROM THE LEFT VENTRICLES |
| WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING CHARACTERISTICS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH VENTILATOR-ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIA (VAP)? | FEVER AND PROGRESSIVE INFILTRATES ON THE CHEST RADIOGRAPH 3 DAYS AFTER INITIATION OF MECHANICAL VENTILATION |
| WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING FINDINGS ARE CONSISTENT WITH AN INCREASED RISK OF DEVELOPING VENTILATOR-ASSOCIATES PNEUMONIA (VAP)? | POOLING OF SECRETIONS IN THE OROPHARYNX |
| VENTILATOR-ASSOICATED PNEUMONIA (VAP) IS ASSOCIATED WITH COLONIZATION OF THE: | RESPIRATORY AND DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS |
| THE CURRENT COMPRESSION RATE FOR CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (CPR) IS AT LEAST: | 100 BEATS/MIN |
| PRELOAD IS: | THE AMOUNT OF BLOOD AT THE END OF VENTRICULAR DIASTOLE, OR MEASURED AS END-DIASTOLIC PRESSURE |
| NEURAL REGULATION | NEURAL REGULATION MAINTAINS RHYTHYM AND DEPTH OF RESPIRATION AND THE BALANCE BETWEEN INSPIRATION AND EXPIRATION |
| CEREBRAL CORTEX | VOLUNTARY CONTROL OF RESPIRATION DELIVERS IMPULSES TO THE RESPIRATORY MOTOR NEURONS BY WAY OF THE SPINAL CORD. ACCOMODATES: SPEAKING, EATING AND SWIMMING |
| MEDULLA OBLONGATA | AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF RESPIRATION OCCURS CONTINUOUSLY |
| KUSSMAUL'S | is a deep and labored breathing pattern often associated with severe metabolic acidosis, particularly diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) but also kidney failure (>35 breaths/min) |
| CHEYNE-STOKES | ABNORMAL PATTERN OF BREATHING, VARYING BETWEEN APNEA AND TACHYPNEA |
| AED | DEVICE USED TO ADMINISTER AN ELECTRICAL SHOCK THROUGH THE CHEST WALL TO THE HEART |
| BREATHING EXERCISES IMPROVE: | VENTILATION OXYGENATION SENSATIONS OF DYSPNEA |
| OXYGEN THERAPY IMRPROVES: | LEVELS OF TISSUE OXYGENATION BY NASAL CANNULA, NASAL CATHETER, OR OXYGEN MASK |
| CHEST PHYSIOTHERAPY INCLUDES: | POSTURAL DRAINAGE PERCUSSION VIBRATION |
| DECREASED HEMOGLOBIN LEVELS ALTER A PATIENT'S ABILITY TO TRANSPORT OXYGEN | YES IT DOES.......WE NEED TO TAKE CARE OF OURSELVES! |
| CARDIAC DYSRHYTHMIAS ARE CLASSIFIED BY: | CARDIAC ACTIVITY AND SITE OF IMPULSE ORIGIN |
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