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LS2M2 Definitions
Nervous System; Sensory System; Muscles; Development; Immune System.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| central command of the neuron where the nucleus is located. | cell body |
| extensions of the cell body that receive electrical signals. | dendrites |
| conduct impulses away from the cell body. | axons |
| contain vesicles with neurotransmitters. | axon terminals |
| produce myelin in the peripheral nervous system that insulate the axon. | Schwann cells |
| gaps in myelin sheaths along the axon and contain voltage-gated channels. | nodes of Ranvier |
| type of neuron that sends information to the central nervous system. | afferent neurons |
| type of neuron that functions to connect cells within the central nervous sytem. | interneurons |
| type of neuron that sends information from the central nervous system. | efferent neurons |
| the neuron that sends the electrical signal. | presynaptic neuron |
| the neuron that receives the electrical signal. | postsynaptic neuron |
| small fluctuation of electrical charge that occurs in the dendrites. | graded potential |
| more complex electrical activity that is activated by the graded potential. | action potential |
| fluid outside the neuron that is rich with sodium and chloride ions. | extracellular fluid |
| fluid inside the neuron that is rich with potassium ions and negatively charged proteins. | intracellular fluid |
| the increase in electrical activity that is caused by sodium ion influx--above the resting potential. | depolarization |
| the decrease in electrical activity that is caused by potassium ion efflux--below the resting potential. | hyperpolarization |
| process at which the resting potential, -70 mV, is maintained. | repolarization |
| a type of an irreversible inhibitor, produced by puffer fish, that blocks predators' VGSC--abolishing all synaptic activity. | tetradotoxin |
| the axon "insulator" that speeds up the spreading of the action potential. | myelin |
| cells that make myelin in the central nervous system. | oligodendrocytes |
| region between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron where neurotransmitters from the presynaptic neurons are released. | synaptic cleft |
| chemicals (packaged in vesicles) that leave the axon terminals of the presynatic neurons via exocytosis and bind to receptors of neighboring post synaptic neuron. | neurotransmitters |
| type of cells in the nervous system that support the function of neurons. | glial cells |
| type of cells in the nervous system that are excitable. | neurons |
| dyanmic fluid that acts as a brain "shock absorber" from the hard skull. | cerebral spinal fluid |
| component of the brain that is important for sensory perception, voluntary control of muscles, language, personality traits, thinking, memory, and creativity. | cerebral cortex |
| the relay station for all synaptic input in the brain and is important for motor control and crude awareness of sensation. | thalamus |
| component of the brain that maintains balance and enhances muscle tone as well as coordinates and plans skilled voluntary muscle activity. | cerebellum |
| component of the brain that has a homeostatic and endocrinic as well as emotional and behavioral roles. | hypothalamus |
| component of the brain that controls the digestive, respiratory, and cardiovascular systems, integrates inputs from the spinal cord, and is the origin of majority of the peripheral nervous system. | brain system |
| lobe of the brain that is responsible for motor activities and the site for Brocca's area (speech initiation). | frontal lobe |
| lobe of the brain that is responsible for sensation--somatosensory cortex. | parietal lobe |
| lobe of the brain that is responsible for hearing and the site for Wernicke's area (communication and speech comprehension)--auditory complex. | temporal lobe |
| lobe of the brain that is responsible for vision--visual cortex. | occipital lobe |
| caused by the damage to the right parietal lobe in which individuals tend to ignore stimuli from the left side of the body. | contralateral neglect syndrome |
| caused by the damaged of the corpus callosum that connects the right and left sides of the brain, resulting in no communication betweeen both sides of the body. | split-brain patient |
| type of cell that transduce physical or chemical stimuli into signals--transmittable and interpretable. | sensory |
| receptors that is stimulated by light, movement, chemicals, heat, pain and changes in the electrical as well as magnetic field. | photoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nocireceptors, electroreceptors, and magnetoreceptors. |
| outer layer of the skin. | epidermis |
| inner layer of the skin that contains receptors. | dermis |
| type of mechanoreceptor that is composed of concentric layers of connective tissues--responsible for sensitivity to deep pressure touch and high frequency vibration. | pacinian corpuscle |
| tiny bones that amplify the vibrations of the tympanic membrane, causing the oval window to vibrate. | ossicles: incus, malleus, and stapes |
| the three cavities of the cochlea--one of which contains the organ of Corti, basiliar membrane, hair cells, and tectorial membrane. | scala vestibuli, cochlear duct, and scala tympani |
| type of mechanoreceptor that is made of many hair-like structures (stereocillia) and one kinocilium. | hair cells |
| a kind of neurotransmitter that facilitates the neural pathway of hearing. | glutamate |
| the outer layer that protects the eye. | fibrous layer |
| the middle layer of the eyes. | middle vascular layer |
| the dark pigment in the eye that absorbs light and holds blood vessels. | choroid |
| the colored portion of the eye that determines the size of the pupil with respect to the amount of light. | iris |
| forms a ring around the front of eye that supports the lenses and allows them to adjust their shape. | ciliary body |
| the inner layer of the eye--site for neurons. | neural layer |
| part of the eye that contains photoreceptors which receive and send light to the brain through the optic nerve. | retina |
| 5 types of cells in the retina that form synapses with one another. | ganglion cells, amacrine, bipolar, horizontal, and photoreceptors |
| the pigments in rod and cone cells of photoreceptors that absorb light. | rhodopsin and photopsin |
| part of the eye the contains the highest concentration of photoreceptors where the image is formed. | fovea centralis |
| protein found on thick filaments that have binding sites for actin and ATP. | myosin |
| proteins found on thin filaments. | actin, troponin, and tropomyosin. |
| the sacromere behavior during muscle relaxation. | stretched |
| the sacromere behavior during muscle contraction | shortened |
| located around the myofibrils, its a modified smooth ER that is the site of calcium storage in muscle cells. | sarcoplasmic reticulum |
| the modified membrane in muscle cells that have extensions that dip deep into the cytoplasm. | sarcolemma |
| invaginations of the sarcolemma that contain special voltage-sensitive receptors--dihydropyridine (DHPR). | t-tubules |
| a kind of nuerotransmitter that triggers muscle contraction. | acetyl choline |
| foot proteins located on the lateral sacs of the sarcoplastic reticulum that releases calcium ions. | ryanodine receptors |
| first 8 weeks of development--stage of organ formation, 3 germ layers, and basic body plan. | embryonic period |
| remaining 30 weeks of development--organs grow in size and complexity. | fetal period |
| type of immune defense that protects against foreign substances without having to recognize their identity. | non-specific immune defense |
| type of immune defense that depends upon specific recognitions. | specific immune defense |
Created by:
jkrmendoza
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