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Chapter 6 - Muscles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| muscle cells | muscle fibers |
| outermost layer of muscle; separates individual muscles | fascia |
| four major functions of muscle | contractility, elasticity, excitability, extensibility |
| ability to shorten with force | contractility |
| ability to recoil to resting length | elasticity |
| ability to react to stimulus | excitability |
| ability to stretch | extensibility |
| loose connective tissue; separates fasciculi/fascicle | perimysium |
| surrounds each skeletal muscle | epimysium |
| cytoplasm of each muscle fiber | myofibrils |
| thin; pearls | actin myofilaments |
| thick; golf clubs | myosin myofilaments |
| two kinds of protein fibers | actin myofilaments and myosin myofilaments |
| basic unit of muscle fiber | sarcomere |
| each side of Z line | I band |
| extends length of myosin | A band |
| light area in center of sacromeres; between dark lines | H zone |
| dark lines | A band |
| line in the middle of H zone | M line |
| charge difference across the cell membrane | resting membrane potential |
| muscle cell is stimulated and the membrane characteristics change | action potential |
| nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers | motor neurons |
| enter muscles and branch | axons |
| synaps | neuromusclular junction |
| causes contraction | acetylcholine |
| causes relaxation | acetylcholinesterase |
| single motor neuron and all skeletal muscle it innervates | motor unit |
| formed by an enlarged nerve terminal resting in indention of muscle cell membrane | neuromusclular junction |
| enlarged nerve terminal in indentation of muscle cell membrane | presynaptic terminal |
| in presynaptic terminals | synaptic vesicles |
| synaptic vesicles secrete | acetylcholine |
| contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes action potential | muscle twitch |
| actin and myosin myofilaments slide past one another and sarcomeres shorten | muscle contraction |
| sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction | sliding filament mechanism |
| bands that shorten during contraction | H and I |
| the level where muscle fiber won't respond to stimulus | threshold |
| time between application of stimulus and beginning of contraction | lag phase |
| muscle remains contracted without relaxing | tetany |
| increase in number of motor units being activated | recruitment |
| raise eyebrows | occipitofrontalis |
| close eyelids | orbicularis oculi |
| pucker lips | orbicularis oris |
| flatten cheeks | buccinator |
| smile | zygomaticus |
| sneer | levator labilii superioris |
| frown | depressor anguli oris |
| most stationary end of muscle | origin |
| end of muscle; most movement | insertion |
| between origin and insertion | belly |
| length of muscle doesn't change; tension increases | isometric contraction |
| length of muscle changes; tension doesn't change | isotonic contraction |
| constant tension produced by muscles for long periods of time | muscle tone |
| without oxygen | anaerobic respiration |
| with oxygen | aerobic respiration |
| muscles work together | synergists |
| muscles work against each other | antagonists |
| muscle in a synergist relationship that works most | prime mover |
| true or false: antagonists can have a prime mover | false |
| needed for energy muscle contraction | ATP |
| ATP is: | adenosine triphosphate |
| where is ATP produced | mitochondria |
| ADP is: | adenosine diphosphate |
| ATP (unstable) becomes: | ADP |
| muscle fiber won't respond to stimulus until it reaches a level; then contracts maximally | all-or-none response |
| level at which muscle responds to stiumulus | threshold |
| increase in number of motor units being activated | recruitment |
| when at rest, muscle cells produce | creatine phosphate |
| quick, easily-fatigued conracting | fast-twitch fibers |
| slow, fatigue-resistant contracting | slow-twitch fibers |
| I bands are made of | actin |
| A bands are made of | myosin |
| what are seven ways muscles are named | 1. function 2. insertion 3 .location 4. orientation of fibers 5. origin 6. shape 7. size |
| space between presynaptic terminal and muscle fiber | synaptic cleft |
| time of contraction | contraction phase |
| amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to replenish depleted stores of creatine phosphate stores in muscle fibers | oxygen debt |
Created by:
ematovich
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