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Scnc term 3 Y8 (1)
geology, earthquakes, TMDs, volcanoes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Explain the structure of the earth in detail (inside - out, common minerals, thickness ). | inner core (iron and nickel; 6378 km ), outer core (iron and nickel alloy; 5100 km), mantle (silicate and rich in magnesium, 2900 km), crust (silicate minerals, 0-100 km) |
| what are the different types of earths crust | The lithosphere contains the crust. There are two different types of crust: the thin oceanic crust that underlies the ocean basins, and thicker, less dense continental crust that underlies the continents. These two different types of crust are made up of |
| Difference between asthenosphere and lithosphere | The lithosphere is made up the crust plus the very upper part of the mantle, whereas the asthenosphere is only upper mantle material. |
| How do the crustal plates move across the Earths surface? | The force that causes most of the plate movement is thermal convection, where heat from the earth’s interior causes currents of hot rising magma and cooler sinking magma to flow moving the plates of the crust along with them. Convection cycles and ridge |
| What are the mechanisms of crustal plates and how do they work? | convection cycles: hot magma rising to the surface and cool, dense magma sinking back down; slab pull: subduction of an oceanic plate because of its weight and convection cycles; ridge push: gravity forcing the higher ocean ridges down to create new floor |
| Why do tectonic plates move at different rates? | Several reasons: size of the plate how strongly it is stuck up against another plate if it is pushing under or over another plate how warm the mantle is under the plate if it is a land plate or an ocean plate. if it is rubbing against other plates |
| What is the history of the development of the theory of Plate Tectonics | In 1915 the theory of plate tectonics began. it was developed by Alfred Wagener, a polar researcher and meteorologist. it was discovered by reports of similar fossils being discovered on entirely different continents and was later backed up by improved ra |
| What are Plate Tectonics? | Plate tectonics is the theory of global tectonics of which the broken lithosphere (tectonic plates) moves across the plastic asthenosphere |
| What is continental drift? | Continental drift is the scientific theory that explains that the movement of continents across the mantle or the crust |
| What are subduction zones? | Subduction is a geological process that takes place at convergent boundaries. an oceanic plate moves underneath a continental plate due to other diverging boundaries and the weight of itself forcing it downwards. |
| What are Convection currents? | Convection currents form because a heated fluid expands, becoming less dense. The less-dense heated fluid rises away from the heat source. As it rises, it pulls cooler fluid down to replace it. and this process repeats over and over. |
| What are the geological events that occur at the converging plate boundaries? | two possibilities: two continental plates colliding, creating high mountain ranges and some volcanic activity oceanic & continental boundaries colliding, creating a subduction zone causing trenches, some mountains and high volcanic activity |
| What are the geological events that occur at the diverging boundaries? | ridge push; because of this, the plates are separated, creating new seafloor and subduction zones at the other side of the tectonic plate |
| What are the geological events that occur at the strike slip boundaries/transform boundaries? | lithosphere is neither created nor destroyed at transform boundaries; plates just slide past each other. They mostly connect parts of diverging ocean ridges. |
| What is the name given to the last super-continent before the countries we see today, resulted from its split - spell it out. | Pangaea ( |
| Difference between rock and mineral? | a rock can be organic, and can have a multitude of minerals inside. whereas minerals are inorganic and only have 1 fixed chemical structure. |
| Give examples of types of minerals | diamond, quartz, calcite |
| Give examples of types of rocks | granite, sandstone, marble |
| What are igneous rocks? | igneous rocks are formed through the crystallization of molten rock |
| What are sedimentary rocks? | Sedimentary rocks are formed by the weathering and erosion of other rocks that are, over time, cemented together by pressure/compaction |
| What are metamorphic rocks? | metamorphic rocks are formed when heat (e.g. magma) and pressure (e.g. situated deep below the earths surface or by convergent boundaries) are applied to rocks. |
| What is magma? | magma is molten rock below the earths surface |
| What is lava? | lava is magma that is on the earths surface |
| What is weathering? | weathering is the geological process of the physical breakdown of material |
| What is erosion? | erosion is the geological process of material being wore down slowly by wind, water or other natural elements |
| What is lithification? | when material undergoes large amounts of pressure then transforms into rock. |
| Explain the rock cycle. | The Rock Cycle is a group of changes. Igneous rock can change into sedimentary rock or into metamorphic rock. Sedimentary rock can change into metamorphic rock or into igneous rock. Metamorphic rock can change into igneous or sedimentary rock. |
| List and describe the properties of rocks | the properties of rocks are: can be organic, can have a multitude of minerals and can be either - igneous sedimentary metamorphic |
| Explain Moh's hardness scale | Moh's hardness scale that measures the hardness of minerals. it ranges from the softest (talc) to the hardest (diamond). |
| What is an earthquake? | an earthquake is the vibration of the earth which is caused by the breaking of rocks underground. this motion releases seismic waves that travel through the earth. these waves include P, S and L and Rayleigh waves respectively. |
| What is the focus (for earthquakes)? | the focus of an earthquake is the spot where the energy is released underground |
| What is the epicenter of earthquakes? | is the point on the surface directly above the focus. |
| What is a fault? | a fault (line) is the boundary between two or more tectonic plates. these faults, or boundaries can be convergent, divergent or transform (strike slip) |
| list and explain the various ways earthquakes can be generated | An earthquake can be generated when tension in the lithosphere is released (tectonic activity), volcanic eruptions and explosions/collapses(nuclear, groundwater extraction - destabilization of faults due to the water table dropping). |
| Describe the different types of faults that can occur with earth movement | there are three types of faults: transform (plates moving across each other, Convergent (plates moving towards each other) and Divergent (plates moving apart) |
| Define and explain the Richtor scale | the Richter scale is a scale that measures the amount of energy (magnitude) that is released from an earthquake. |
| Define and explain the Modified Mercalli scale | the modified Mercalli scale measures the intensity of an earthquake. instead of using magnitude, it is arbitrary - it uses the experienced effects at the earthquake to measure the intensity. |
| why was the original Mercalli scale modified? | American seismologists Harry O. Wood and Frank Neumann created the Modified Mercalli scale in 1931 to measure the intensity of earthquakes that occur in California. |
| List and describe the different properties of bodywaves | P wave - fastest, move through solid rock and fluids, push and pull S wave - slower than a P wave and can only move through solid rock, up and down, side-to-side |
| What is "Seismic Engineering"? | Seismic engineering is the branch of engineering that aims to make structures like buildings and bridges more resistant to earthquakes |
| What is a "Tuned Mass Damper"? and explain how it works | A tuned mass damper works by equalising the force of a swaying building (or other object). It exhibits Newtons law of inertia, law of force and the third law of equal/opposite motions. |
| Name and describe shield and cinder cone volcano | shield: oozes lava for great distances, gentle slopes, mostly minor eruptions, magma rich in iron and magnesium (ML cinder: eruptions have lots of gas so violent explosions, large amounts of lava and ash form the cone shape, sml life expectancy (PRCTN |
| What is pyroclastic flow? | a dense, destructive mass of very hot ash, lava fragments, and gases ejected explosively from a volcano and typically flowing at great speed. |
| What causes volcanoes? | volcanoes are caused by breaches in the crust; they can be formed in subduction zones, hotspots, rifts and mid-ocean ridges. |
| list and describe surface waves | Surface waves are confined to the crust and there are 2 types - the L wave is the fastest surface wave and moves the ground side to side. Rayleigh wave - moves the ground up and down, and side-to-side in the same direction that the wave is moving and us |
| Name and describe a composite volcano | a composite volcano is a volcano with a 45 degree slope. its thick magma is rich in silica and traps large amounts of gases that causes the explosions to be very violent. this releases ash and cinders which form its slopes made of alternating layers of |
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