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Microbiology
Ch. 13/14 quiz
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| a complete, fully developed, infectious viral particle | Virion |
| protein subunits, a single type or several types | Capsomeres |
| phage causes lysis and death of host cell | Lytic cycle |
| prophage DNA incorporated in host DNA | Lysogenic cycle |
| nucleic acid and capsid proteins assemble, usually a spontaneous process | Maturation |
| Virus remains in asymptomatic host cell for long periods (cold sores, shingles) | Latent viral infections |
| Disease process occurs over a long period; generally is fatal | Persistent viral infections |
| cancer patients usually die of what kind of infection? | Microbial infections |
| when animal viruses infect animal cells, the virus shape changes or stays the same? | changes |
| Virus invades what and takes over what in order to multiply? | host cells; host's metabolic machinery |
| what are the two types of bacteriophages? | lytic and lysogenic |
| phages kill hosts right away | lytic cycle |
| can the viruses in the lysogenic cycle spread diseases? | yes |
| Spikes are what? | glycoproteins |
| how do viruses cause cancers? | viruses trigger the activation of oncogenes; oncogenic viruses become integrated into the host cell's DNA |
| What are characteristics of transformed cells? | -increased growth -chromosomal abnormalities |
| which DNA viruses cause cancer? | -Papillomaviruses -Hepatitis B virus -Epstein-barr virus |
| what is the characteristic of Burkitt lymphoma? | swollen face/neck |
| Which RNA viruses cause cancer? | retroviruses (ex: leukemia virus) |
| when DNA makes RNA | transcription |
| when RNA makes DNA | reverse-transcriptase |
| Are oncogenic viruses examples of latent infections or persistent infections? | |
| Are cold sores latent or persistent infections? | Latent infections |
| How does chickenpox virus cause shingles? | some people can still have chickenpox virus in their nerve cells |
| the scientific study of disease | Pathology |
| the study of the cause of a disease | Etiology |
| the manner in which disease develops by pathogens | Pathogenesis |
| invasion or colonization of the body by pathogens | Infection |
| an abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally | Disease |
| microbiota that permanently colonizes the host | Normal microbiota |
| microbiota that may be present for days, weeks, or months | Transient microbiota |
| relationship between normal microbiota and the host | Symbiosis |
| one organism benefits, and the other is unaffected | Commensalism |
| both organisms benefit | mutualism |
| one organism benefits at the expense of the other (pathogen vs. host) | Parasitism |
| some normal microbiota are what? | opportunistic pathogens |
| What accounts for up to 10% of energy a human body absorbs? | short chain fatty acids |
| competition between microbes | microbial antagonism |
| Normal microbiota protect the host by doing what? | -occupying niches that pathogens might occupy -produce acids -produce bacteriocins |
| live microbes applied to or ingested into the body, intended to exert a beneficial effect | Probiotics |
| a subjective change in a body function that is felt by a patient as a result of disease | Symptom |
| an objective change in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease | Sign |
| a specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease | syndrome |
| a disease that is spread from one host to another | Communicable disease |
| a disease that is easily spread from one host to another | Contagious disease |
| a disease that is not transmitted from one host to another | Noncommunicable disease |
| new cases of a disease in a population during a specified time period | Incidence |
| total cases of a disease in a population at a given time | Prevalence |
| disease that occurs occasionally in a population | Sporadic disease |
| disease constantly present in a population | Endemic disease |
| disease acquired by many hosts in a given area in a short time | Epidemic disease |
| worldwide epidemic | Pandemic disease |
| disease in which symptoms develop rapidly | acute disease |
| disease that develops slowly | chronic disease |
| disease with a period of no symptoms when the causative agent is inactive | latent disease |
| pathogens are limited to a small area of the body | Local infection |
| an infection throughout the body | systemic infection |
| when a local infection spreads to another site in the body | focal infection |
| toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins | sepsis |
| blood poisoning, growth of bacteria in the blood | Septicemia |
| bacteria in the blood | bacteremia |
| toxins in the blood | toxemia |
| viruses in the blood | viremia |
| acute infection that causes the initial illness | primary infection |
| opportunistic infection after a primary (predisposing) infection | secondary infection |
| no noticeable signs or symptoms (inapparent infection) but can spread | subclinical disease |
| incidence of a specific disease in a given time period | morbidity |
| deaths from a specific disease in a given time period | mortality |
| AIDS, gonorrhea, hepatitis, streptococcal infections | Human reservoirs |
| carriers may have ____ infections or _____ diseases | inapparent; latent |
| primarily animal diseases but can cause human diseases | zoonoses |
| nonliving reservoirs? | soil and water |
| transmissions of disease? | -contact -vehicles -vectors |
| transmission of disease requires close association between infected and susceptible host | direct contact |
| transmission of disease spread by fomites | indirect contact |
| transmission of disease via airborne droplets | droplet contact |
| transmission by an inanimate reservoir (food, water, air) | vehicle transmission |
| animals that carry pathogens from one host to another | vectors |
| infections acquired in hospitals, nursing homes and other health care facilities | nosocomial infections |
| what type of infections affect 5-15% of all hospital patients | nosocomial infections |
| ____ million people per year contract nosocomial infections and nearly _____ die as a result | 2; 200,000 |
| the study of where and when diseases occur and how they are transmitted | Epidemiology |
| collects and analyzes epidemiological info in the U.S. | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) |
| -arthropod carries pathogen on feet -food poisoning by houseflies | mechanical transmission |
| -pathogens that reproduce in vector -malaria (Plasmodium spp.) by mosquito -plague (Yersinia pestis) by flea | Biological transmission |
| What is the difference between pathology and pathogenesis? | pathology is not limited to any specific disease, pathogenesis is the series of events of pathogens |
| Patients of HIV do or don't show symptoms right away? | Don't |
| when do humans start to have microbiota? | once you're born |
| Are pathogens normal or transient microbiota? | transient |
| Are all transient microbiota pathogens (cause disease)? | no |
| where are normal microbiota on the human body? | Eyes, mouth, skin, nose, throat, urinary tract, large intestine (none in womb) |
| Of what value are normal microbiota? | 1-2.5 |
| what is the difference between commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism? | -commensalism: one organism benefits, the other unaffected -mutualism: both organisms benefit -parasitism: one organism benefits at expense of another |
| Normal microbiota can be what kind of pathogen? | opportunistic pathogens |
| what nutrients are produced by intestinal microorganisms? | Vitamin B complexes, Vitamin K complexes, enzymes for carbohydrates, fatty acids for energy |
| 10% of energy a human body absorbs is? | short chain fatty acids |
| How do normal microbiota protect us from microbial infections? | -preoccupy space so pathogens don't -produce acids -produce bacteriocins (which produce acids that kill pathogens) |
| How did Warren and Marshall prove that H. pylori causes gastritis and peptic ulcer disease? | found microorganisms in patient's stomach (no one believed him), grew the microorganism and drank it, got the disease and proved it; accomplished kock's postulate |
| difference between symptoms and signs? | signs can be measured by a physician, symptoms can only be felt by a patient |
| Is cholera communicable or noncommunicable? | communicable |
| What is the difference between incidence and prevalence? | incidence is NEW cases of a disease, prevalence is the TOTAL cases of a disease |
| are seasonal diseases incidence or prevalence? | incidence |
| Are colds sporadic, endemic, epidemic, or pandemic? | endemic |
| is aids sporadic, endemic, epidemic, or pandemic? | epidemic |
| is the flu sporadic, endemic, epidemic, or pandemic? | endemic |
| are rabies sporadic, endemic, epidemic, or pandemic? | sporadic |
| what are examples of acute diseases? | influenza, acute infection |
| what are examples of chronic diseases? | tuberculosis, hepatitis B |
| What are examples of latent disease? | shingles by varicella (or herpes) zoster virus |
| how do latent infections differ from persistent infections? | latent do not show symptoms but persistent do |
| What are examples of local infections? | boils, abscesses |
| What are examples of systemic infections? | HIV, measles |
| Is a toxigenic disease local, systemic, or focal? | systemic |
| Does bacteremia (bacteria in the blood) always cause sepsis? | no; septicemia causes sepsis |
| What is an example of primary disease? | HIV |
| What is an example of secondary disease? | pneumonia |
| What is an example of subclinical disease? | hepatitis A virus |
| what is the difference between morbidity and mortality? | mortality= deaths morbidity= incidence |
| why do carriers and latent infection patients play an important role in the spread of infectious diseases? | they have viruses but DON'T show any symptoms and signs |
| primarily animal diseases but can cause human diseases? | zoonoses |
| What are major nonliving reservoirs of infectious diseases | soil, water |
| What are 3 major modes of disease transmission? | -contact -vehicles -vectors |
| What are the three contact modes in disease transmission? | -direct -indirect -droplet |
| Vehicle transmission is mediated by what? | -inanimate reservoir (food, water, air) |
| What are differences between droplet transmission and airborne vehicle transmission? | airborne vehicle: tuberculosis Droplet: coughing, sneezing |
| What animals are the most important group of disease vectors? | arthropods (fleas, ticks, mosquitoes) |
| What are characteristics of microorganisms in hospital environment? | -resistant to antibiotics -biofilm formation |
| what are three factors causing nosocomial infections? | -microorganisms in hospital environment -compromised host -chain of transmission |
| why are hospital patients vulnerable for infections? | -too many things attached to their body -catheters (used to drain urine) can contain biofilms |
| top infections in nosocomial infections? | -urinary tract infections -surgical site infections -lower respiratory infections |
| What are main causes of each nosocomial infection? | -respiratory infections through ventilators |
| what microorganisms usually cause nosocomial infections? | opportunistic pathogens |
| how can nosocomial infections be controlled? | -aseptic techniques -not sharing disposables -handwashing -education |
| What is the main govt. agency to study epidemiology in the U.S? | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) |
| Who reports the nationally notifiable infectious diseases to whom? | physicians to CDC |
| Is 100% immunization required for control of infection in pop.? Why? | no, most people being vaccinated can help stop the spread of a disease (90%) |
| immunity in most of a population? | Herd immunity |
| eating what can give you good bacteria? | eating yogurt |
| what kind of disease is rabies? | sporadic disease |
Created by:
yulissalira
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