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the Endocrine syst
exam III
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| define hormones | chemical regulators, secreted into the blood that affect the functioning of other cells |
| too little GH secretion in a growing child can result in | dwarfsim |
| which endocrine glands sit on top of the kidneys? | adrenals |
| which hormones would increase the blood calcium by increasing the activity of osteoclast? | parathyroid (PTH) |
| ADH is secreted by the | neurohypophysis (post. pituitary) |
| another name for the ant. pituitary | adenohypophysis |
| another name for the pituitary gland | hypophysis |
| _______ connects the post. pituitary & hypothalmus | infundibulum |
| produces and secretes most of the hormones | ant. pituitary |
| how does the post. pituitary secrete it's hormones? | hormones produced by hypothalamus and placed in post. pituitary for secretion |
| which part of the hypothalamus is under its direct control? | ant. pituitary |
| a stimulus is decreased or inhibited by some factor such as concentration of hormone by | negative feed back |
| stimulus for secretion is increased or exaggerated by | positive feedback |
| labor contractions & milk production are examples of | positive feedback |
| name 5 compounds that act as hormones | 1-steroids 2-amines 3-peptides 4-protiens 5-glycoprotiens |
| what do hormones regulate? | growth, metabolism,< fluid, electrolye and acid-base balance>, reproduction, BP |
| when the hypothalamus secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones, they travel through hypophyseal portal circulation to reach the _______ | ant. pituitary |
| which part of the pituitary gland is the largest? | ant. pituitary |
| the skeletal and muscle tissue cells are targets of the | hGH |
| actions of the hGH hormone | promote secretion of IGF's (insulin-like growth factors) w/in target tissues |
| IGF's increase | 1-rate of cell division for growth 2-protein synthesis needed for growth 3- use of fat for energy |
| results of the hGH | growth to adulthood and maintenance of skeleton and muscles in adults |
| hypersecretion of ______in infants and children resulting in height of over 8 ft. is called _______ | hGH, giantism |
| caused by hypersecretion in adults resulting in distorted features is called | acromegaly |
| stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids and sex steriods | ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) |
| stimulates secretion of most thyroid hormones (T3, T4) | TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) |
| PRL stands for | prolactin |
| stimulates milk production in mammary glands in concert w/ other hormones | PRL |
| gonadotropins are _____ glands/ their action is _______ | tropic/egg follicle and sperm formation |
| the gonadotropins FSH (follicle stimulating hormones) and LH (lutenizing hormone) target the ________and control ____________ | ovaries and testes/ female and male reproductive physiology |
| gonadotropins are secreted from the | ant. pituitary |
| the secretion of ant. pituitary hormones is stimulated by _______ from the hypothatlmus through the _____________ | RH's (releasing hormones)/ hypophyseal portal system |
| secretion of ant. pituitary hormones are suppressed by __________from hypothalmus through the hypophyseal portal system | IH's (inhibiting hormones) |
| the secretion of ant. pituitary is controlled by | negative feedback |
| actions of OT in female (2) | labor (uterine) contractions, release of milk from mammary glands (milk letdown) |
| actions of OT in male (1) | contraction of smooth muscle in reproductive tissue |
| actions of ADH (2) | 1- causes kidneys & sweat glands to conserve water 2-constricts arterioles (increases BP) |
| large butterfly shaped gland in neck below voice box | thyroid gland |
| has two lobes connected by an isthmus | thyroid gland |
| composed of many follicles filled with jelly-like thyroglobulin protien | thyroid gland |
| thyroid hormones T3 and T4 are part of molecule of protien combined with __________ | thyroglobulin |
| what element is required to make T3 & T4 | iodine |
| thyroid hormones are formed by additon of iodine to the _______________ | thyroglobulin |
| T3 & T4 synthesis and secretion is stimulated by ant. pituitary hormone _____________ | TSH |
| a portion of stored thyroglobulin is taken in from colloid by ______________ | follicle cells |
| T3& T4 actions | increase ATP formation in mitochondria, promote normal growth |
| T3& T4 are secreted by the | thyroid gland |
| parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland secrete __________/ resulting action is __________ | calcitionin (CT)/ lowered blood Ca2+ |
| which layer of the adrenal cortex secretes the aldosterone? | zona glomerulosa |
| the ______ glands have a cortex and medulla | adrenals |
| the secretion of most hormones is controlled by | negative feedback |
| the RH's and IH's get to the ant. pituitary through | hypophyseal portal circulation |
| tissues that respond to hormones are | targets |
| a hormone called ______ is secreted from the pancreas when blood glucose is low | glucagon |
| an example of positive feedback is the secretion of the hormone | OT |
| a tropic hormone that causes the secretion of T3 and T4 is | TSH |
| the _______ serves both as an exocrine and endocrine gland | pancreas |
| describe how the adrenal glands help us cope with stress | alarm reaction occurs set of by sympathetic, epinephrine is released, (fight or flight), increases HR, increases BF, increased BP, increases energy |
| 2 actions of insulin | 1-increases uptake of glucose into cells 2-increases synthesis of liver glycogen for storage |
| 3 actions of glucagon | 1-increases synthesis of new glucose from a.a.'s in liver 2-inreases breakdown of liver glycogen into glucose 3-increased release of glucose from liver into blood |
| how does the pancreas control blood sugar? | antagonistic actions of insulin & glucagon |
| stimulates secretion of insulin and inhibits secretion of glucagon | high blood glucose after a meal |
| what stimulates release of glucagon and inhibits secretion of insulin | low blood glucose when fasting |
| define diabetes mellitus | insulin unavailable for uptake of glucose into cells causing hyperglycemia |
| three P's of DM (diabetes mellitus) | poyuria (frequent urination), polydypsia (excess thirst), polphagia ( excess hunger) |
| in pancreas, endocrine part control ________and exocrine secretes ___________ | blood sugar/ digestive enzymes |
| endocrine cells in _______ _______ produce hormones | pancreatic islets |
| pancrease is located | in curve of small intestine and behind stomach |
| 2 catecholamines released by adrenal medulla | epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| Type I (IDDM) or juvenile DM is when | beta cells are destroyed by own immune system & insulin levels are low |
| Type II (NIDDM) or maturity onset DM is most common in people who are | over 35 and obese |
| alpha cells produce | glucagon |
| beta cells produce | insulin |
| name 4 types of endocrine cells in the pancreatic islets | alpha, beta, delta, f-cells |
| endocrine cells in pancreatic islets produce _______ | hormones |
| another name for the pituitary is | hypothalmus |
| name 5 hormones released by the ant. pituitary | GH, TSH, ACTH, PRL, gonadotropins |
| name 2 hormones released by the post. pituitary | OT, ADH |
| name thyroid hormones | T3, T4, CT |
| name symptoms of hyperthyroidism | increased MR, tachycardia, increased BT, anxiety, irritability, goiter, exophthalmia (bulging eye), heat intolerance, weight loss |
| symptoms of hypothyroidism | lower MR, bradycardia, lower BT, lethargy, slow wound healing, loss of hair, goiter , weight gain, cold intolerance, myxedema (swollen face) |
| define endemic goiter | iodine deficiency caused by living in certain geographic location |
| action of Calcitionin (CT) | decreases blood calcium |
| describe the control of blood calcium | antagonistic effects of CT & PTH :CT from thyroid lowers blood Ca by adding it to bones, PTH from parathyroid gland increases blood Ca by removing it from bones |
| ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) secretes | sex steroids |
| mineralocoriticoids secreted by the | adrenal cortex outer zone ( glomerular) |
| 3 actions of mneralocorticoids | 1-increase salt retention, 2-thus increase water retention, 3-thus increase BP |
| glucocorticoids are secreted by | the adrenal cortex middle zone (fascicular) |
| 3 waysglucocorticoids resist stress | 1-formation of glucose form fats and protein, thus sparing glucose for brain 2- increase rate of glycogen synth. in liver 3-decreases inflammation |
| catecholamines are secreted in the | adrenal medulla |
| 2 main catecholamines | epi (adrenalin) and norepi |
| 3 ways catecholamines react quickly to stress by | 1-increase HR and strength 2- increase BP 3-increase glycogen and fat catabolism for energy |
Created by:
ShellyA&P
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