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Biology Lecture
Vocab. and text notes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Anatomy | the study of the structure of body parts |
| Physiology | the study of the functions of the body |
| Gross (Macroscopic) Anatomy | the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye: (heart, lungs, kidneys, etc.) |
| Regional Anatomy | All the structures (muscles, bones, blood vessels, nerves, etc.) in a particular region of the body, i.e. abdomen, are examined at the same time. |
| Systemic Anatomy | body structure is studied system by system (to study the cardiovascular system, you would examine the heart and blood vessels of the entire body. |
| Surface Anatomy | the study of the internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface (bulging muscles underneath skin) |
| Microscopic Anatomy | structures too small to be seen with the naked eye |
| Cytology | study of the cells of the body |
| histology | study of the tissues |
| Developmental Anatomy | follows structural changes that occur in the body throughout a life span. |
| Embryology | a subdivision of developmental anatomy, concerns developmental changes that occur before birth. |
| Renal Physiology | Kidney function and urine production |
| Neurophysiology | Workings (functions) of the nervous system |
| Cardiovascular Physiology | Examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels |
| Principle of complementarity of structure and function | This is what a structure can do depends on it's specific form (function) |
| Levels of structural organization | -chemical -cellular -tissues -organ -organ system -organismal |
| Structural Organization Chemical Level | atoms form molecules form organelles |
| Structural Organization Cellular Level | Cells - the smallest units of living things |
| Structural Organization Tissue Level | groups of similar cells that have a common function. (four basic types: epithelium, muscle, connective tissue, nervous tissue) |
| Structural Organization Organ Level | discrete structure composed of at least two types of tissue (four most common)that performs a specific function for the body. |
| Structure Organization Organismal Level | represents the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive. |
| Necessary Life Functions | -maintaining boundaries -movement -responsiveness -Digestion -metabolism -excretion -reproduction -growth |
| Survival Needs | -Nutrients -Oxygen -Water -Normal Body Temp. -Atmospheric Pressure |
| Necessary Life Functions Maintaining Boundaries | the internal environment, remains distinct from the external environment. (cellular level- accomp by plasma membrane; organismal level- accomp by skin) |
| Necessary Life Functions Movement | anything that provides movement in our system down to the cellular level (i.e. the muscle cells ability to move by shortening or contractility) |
| Necessary Life Functions Responsiveness | the ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them |
| Necessary Life Functions Digestion | the breakdown of ingested foodstuffs |
| Necessary Life Functions Metabolism | regulated largely by hormones secreted by endrocrine system glands. "state of change" or chemical reactions that occur within body cells |
| Necessary Life Functions Excretion | the process of removing wastes from the body |
| Necessary Life Functions Reproduction | cellular level- original cell divides and produces 2 identical daughter cells organismal level- sperm and egg unite to make a whole new person |
| Necessary Life Functions Growth | increase in size of a body part of the organism |
| Survival Needs Nutrients | energy cell building |
| Survival Needs Oxygen | necessary for metabolic reactions |
| Survival Needs Water | provides environment for chemical reactions |
| Survival Needs Normal Body Temperature | necessary for chemical reactions to occur at life sustaining rates 98.6F & 37C |
| Survival Needs Appropriate Atmospheric Pressure | required for proper breathing and gas exchange in lungs |
| Homeostasis | the ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes constantly |
| Variable | all homeostatic control mechanism processes involving at least three components that work together |
| Receptor | first component some type of sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes |
| control center | determines the set point (the level at which a variable is to be maintained) |
| effector | provides the means for the control center's response to the stimulus |
| Negative feedback | reducing it so the whole process is shut off (i.e. shivering to warm up when cold or sweating to cool down) |
| Positive feedback | enhancing the process so it continues at a faster rate (break in blood vessel wall, platelets are released to plug up break) |
| Axial Part | the main axis of the body: Head, Neck, and trunk |
| Appendicular Part | appendages and limbs which are attached to the axis |
Created by:
JenGaile
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