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Cellular Metabolism
Chapter 4: Anatomy & Biotechnology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Enzymes | a substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction; special protein |
| Dehydration Synthesis | when reactions occur by removing a molecule of water to join two smaller molecules |
| Hydrolysis | when reactions occur by a molecule of water being inserted into a polymer, which is split into two smaller molecules |
| Anabolism | provides the substances needed for growth and repair |
| Catabolism | breaks apart larger molecules into their building blocks |
| Catalyst | a complex protein, enzyme, that function to lower the activation energy of a reaction so it may begin and speed up rapidly |
| Substrate | a particular molecule that the specific enzyme is acting on |
| Active Site | the place on the enzyme where it combines with the substrate and the reaction occurs |
| Cofactor | an enzyme that only becomes active when combined with a non protein component |
| Coenzyme | an enzyme that only becomes active when combined with an ion of an element |
| Cellular Respiration | involves three interconnected series: glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. End result of these reactions is that glucose is broken down to CO2 and water and energy is released. |
| ATP | Adenosine Tri-Phosphate; contain 3 phosphates in a chain: 36 molecules of energy are produced for each molecule of glucose oxidized |
| ADP | Adenosine Di-Phosphate; contains 2 phosphates in a chain: energy is stored while converting to ATP, constantly ready to be regenerated |
| Anaerobic Respiration | a phase of cellular respiration where it does not directly require oxygen ex. glycolysis |
| Aerobic Respiration | a phase of cellular respiration where it requires oxygen Ex. citric acid cycle & electron transport chain |
| DNA | deoxyribosnucleic acid; built up of nucleotides |
| Genome | a complete set of genetic instructions |
| Genes | segments of the genome that encode proteins |
| Exome | the part of DNA that is expressed and encodes proteins |
| Replication | occurs during the S phase of the interphase; the copying of a cell |
| DNA Polymerace | links DNA |
| Mutations | any change in DNA results in this |
| Transcription | the process of synthesizing RNA; DNA to mRNA: occurs in the nucleus |
| Translation | the process of protein synthesis; mRNA to protein: occurs in the cytoplasm |
| Codon | a three base sequence that represent bases in the correct order: located in the mRNA |
| Anticodon | represents the three nucleotide's in the tRNA |
| Genetic Code | the correspondence of gene and protein building block sequence |
| Glycolysis | first process in cellular respiration and occurs in the cytoplasm: sugar glucose is broken down in the cytosol into 3-carbon pyruvic acid molecules with a net gain of 2 ATP |
| Citric Acid Cycle |
Created by:
swingren
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