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Evolution
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the two characteristics of evolution? | 1. Incredible diversity of life forms. 2. Lifeforms show great structural complexity and adaptations to the environment. |
| What was James Ussher's contribution to evolution? | 1. The bible was the only true record and reflected the chronology of life. 2. Using biblical information he calculated the date of creation to be 22nd Oct.,4004 BC. |
| What evidence is there to disprove James Ussher's calculated date of creation? | 1. Geology and sedimentary rocks show Earth is older. 2. Fossil discoveries show extinctions have occurred. |
| How do sedimentary rocks show that the earth is older than what James Ussher calculated? | Land that is now dry was once under water. |
| On which perspectives do Medieval and Modern differ? | Date of creation, time taken for Creation, purpose of creation, Forces of nature, role of man, underlying force behind biodiversity, miracles vs. Science. |
| What was the date of creation calculated by James Ussher? | 22 October, 4004BC |
| How does the modern and medieval perspective differ on Date of Creations? | Medieval - 22 October 4004BC Modern - 3.5 Billion years ago |
| According to modern perspective, about how long ago did modern Man first appear? | About 150,000 years ago. |
| How does the modern and medieval perspective differ on time taken for creation? | Medieval - 6 days Modern - Earth is as a result of constant change. |
| How does the modern and medieval perspective differ on Forces of Nature? | Medieval- Forces if Nature are not Creative Modern - forces of nature can be creative or destructive. |
| According to the Modern Perspective on evolution, how can forces be creative? | speciation. |
| According to modern perspective on evolution, how can natural forces be destructive? | Extinction. |
| How does the modern and medieval perspective differ on extinction of species. | Medieval - species are fixed entities and therefore cannot become extinct. Modern - species are not fixes entities and change happens very slowly. |
| How does the modern and medieval perspective differ on purpose of creation? | Medieval - supernatural intervention Modern - nature is unaided, no divine intervention, no master plan. |
| How does the modern and medieval perspective differ on miracles vs science? | Medieval-creation is a miracle Modern- miracles are unscientific and no progress can be made if blindly accepted. |
| What does the medieval view on evolution mean by supernatural intervention? | Every creature has a role (purpose) in God's plan which explains the very complex forms and evidence for adaption. |
| What does the medieval view in evolution mean by creation is a miracle? | It is an unnatural event serving the purpose of a divine force. |
| How does the modern and medieval perspective differ on the role of man? | Medieval- man is the last creation and only being with a soul therefore he is at the top of hierarchy and above nature Modern- man is simply one more member of nature. |
| How does the modern and medieval perspective differ on the underlying force behind biodiversity? | Medieval- benevolence and wisdom of God Modern- natural selection resulting in survival of the fittest which is a universal struggle for existence. |
| What was Carolus Linnaeus' contribution to the Evolution theory? | He developed the binomial classification of species, genus & species. Plant hybrids were created through cross pollination. |
| What did Carolus Linnaeus base his classification on? | Detailed observation of specimen. |
| What did Carolus Linnaeus' developed system imply? | Each species is a distinct archetype and reflection of God's intent. |
| What was Carrolus Linnaeus' conclusion? | God created one specie in each genus and new species came about through hybridization. |
| What was the name given to Carolus Linnaeus' conclusion? | The fixed species concept. |
| What was Compte de Buffon's contribution to the evolution theory? | Animals change over time and change accumulates over generations due to climatic conditions, reversibility and all life descended from a single ancestor. |
| What would reversibility mean? | If local conditions changed, the animal would revert to more primitive or original form. |
| What was Jean-Baptiste Lamark's 1st contribution? | Organisms have a natural tendency to become more complex, evolving from preexisting, less complex organisms. |
| What was Jean-Baptiste Lamark's 2nd contribution? | Progressive adaptation to local environment occurs through use and disuse of organs. |
| What was Jean-Baptiste Lamark's 3rd contribution? | The results of an individual's efforts are inherited by offspring resulting in appearance of different forms over time and is driven by inner need. |
| What are the first aspect of the Wallace-Darwin Theory? | 1. Individuals in a population have variable levels of agility,size,ability to obtain food and different successes in reproducing. |
| What is the 2nd aspect of the Wallace-Darwin Theory? | Left unchecked,populations tend to expand exponentially,leading to scarcity of resources. |
| What is the 3rd aspect of The Wallace-Darwin Theory? | In the struggle for existence some individuals are more successful than others, allowing them to survive and reproduce. |
| What is the 4th aspect of the Wallace-Darwin Theory? | Those organisms best able to survive and reproduce will leave more offspring than those unsuccessful individuals. |
| What is the last aspect of the Wallace-Darwin Theory? | Overtime there will be heritable changes in phenotype and genotype of a species, resulting in a transformation of the original species into a new species similar to but different from parent spp |
| Define Natural Selection. | The process by which organisms better adapted to their environment will survive and produce more offspring. |
| How did Charles Darwin investigate Natural Selection? | 1.Galapagos islands which contains fauna different from the mainland. 2.Identified 13 species of finches with different beak shapes and varieties based on diet. Mainland had 1 specie. |
| What is the first aspect of evolution through Natural Selection? | All plant and animal population produce more offspring than needed to replace parent population. |
| What is the 2nd aspect of evolution through Natural Selection? | Natural populations of each kind of organism tend to remain stable in size from generation to generation. |
| What is the 3rd aspect of evolution through Natural Selection? | Food is finite therefore there is a struggle to survive due to increased competition because more young which are able to survive are produced. |
| What is the 4th aspect of evolution through Natural Selection? | Individuals with traits to better use the environment are likely to do better and reproduce more. |
| What is micro-evolution? | Micro-evolution is the change within a species or small population over a short period of time. |
| What is macroevolution? | Major changes withing large economic groups over period of time. |
| Who were the three main contributors to determine how traits were inherited? | Charles Darwin, August Weizmann and Gregor Mendel. |
| How did Darwin say traits were inherited? | He theorised pangenesis. |
| Define gemmules in pangenesis. | Tiny particles shed by all cells in an organism. |
| Define pangenesis. | Gemmules circulate throughout the entire body and congregate in gonads. During reproduction, the gemmules from each parent mix in the fetus to produce a new individual and transmit traits acquired by parents during their lifetime. |
| What would happen if parents cells underwent changes due to a change in the environment? | The cells would transmit modified gemmules to the offspring. |
| What did August Weizmann theorize about how traits were inherited? | The Germ Plasm Theory. |
| Define the Germ Plasm Theory. | Multicellular organisms have somatic cells and only germ cells carry hereditary material to form new bodies. |
| What are somatic cells? | Body cells and germ cells. |
| According to August Weizmann, What is the difference between body and germ cells? | Body cells do not carry hereditary material but germ cells (which are not affected by what happens in the body) carry hereditary material. |
| What did Gregor Mendel contribute to how traits were inherited? | Organisms have genes which code for traits and contains alleles which ate different forms of a gene. |
| How did Gregor Mendel conduct his investigation? | By breeding tall and dwarf peas in an experiment. |
| What were the three laws that Gregor Mendel came up with? | The law of Segregation, the Law of Independent Assortment and the Law of Dominance. |
| Define the Law of Segregation. | Each individual has 2 alleles for each trait.During gamete formation,the allele pairs separate resulting in 1 allele being present in the cell.During fertilization,the offspring receives one allele from each parent. |
| Define the Law of Independent Assortment. | Alleles for different traits are passed on independently of each other. |
| Define the law of Dominance. | Recessive alleles will be masked by dominant alleles. |
| What are the key elements of the modern theory of Evolution? | the process of evolution, gradualism common ancestry,speciation,natural selection, non-selective evolutionary forces. |
| Define the process of evolution. | Genetic change occurring overtime within a population of organisms. |
| Define gradualism. | Changes from generation to generation can be small but over many generations can lead to a fundamentally different organism. |
| Define common ancestry. | All species share a common descent. |
| Define Speciation. | One group of organisms evolve into two (of more) groups that can no longer interbreed. |
| Define non-selective evolutionary force | Genetic changes from generation to generation which are not driven by natural selection. |
| Give an example of a non-selective force. | Genetic drift. |
| Define genotype. | The genetic sequence or genes carried by an individual |
| Define phenotype. | The visible manifestation of a physical character. |
| What causes variability among individuals? | Inherited differences and environmentally induced differences |
| Define gene pool. | The sum of all genes within a population. |
| Define Diploid number. | 2 copies of a gene (2n). |
| What is the operational definition of evolution? | Change in allele frequency in a population over time. |
| What are the first 4 conditions of the hardy-weinberg equilibrium model? | 1. Mutations are not occurring. 2. Natural selection is not occurring. 3. A population is infinitely large. 4. All members of the population is breeding and no predators are feedibg on them. |
| What are the last three conditions of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium model? | 5. All mating is totally random 6. All members of the population produce the same number of offspring. 7. No migration in and out of population therefore no competition is present. |
| State the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium model. | Evolution will not occur within a population if 7 conditions are met. |
| What is the main cause if genetic variability? | Mutations |
| What is a mutation? | A mistake which occurs at random in a cell's DNA which leads to abnormal protein production. |
| What are the two types of mutations? | Gene mutations Chromosome mutations |
| What are gene mutations? | Changes in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene |
| What are chromosome mutations? | Rearrangenent or movement of genes in a chromosome. |
| What are the types of gene mutations? | Point mutations and frame shift mutations. |
| What are point mutations? | One DNA base is substited with another at a single location. |
| What are the two types of point mutation? | Transition and transversion. |
| What is the difference between transition and transversion mutations? | Transition involves the interchange of purines or pyrimidines whereas trans version involves the substitution of a purine with a pyrimidine or vice versa. |
| Define frame shift. | The alteration of an entire reading frame of an RNA which codes for amino acids,therefore changing the protein produced. |
| What are the types of frame shift mutations? | Insertion and deletion. |
| Define insertion mutation. | A nucleotide base is added to the DNA strand. |
| Define deletion mutation. | A nucleotide base is removed from DNA sequence. |
| Which of the two point mutations cause a more significant effect? | Frame shift mutations. |
| What are the types of chromosome mutations? | Duplication, deletion, inversion, translocation. |
| Define duplication. | Extra copies of genes are generated, therefore an extra copy of the chromosome is generated. |
| Define deletion. | Genetic material from a chromosome breaks off. |
| Define inversion. | A broken chromosome segment gets inverted and placed back into the chromosome. |
| Define Translocation. | A fragment of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome. |
| What are the 3 fundamental modes of natural selection according to how they effect the population? | Directional, stabilizing and disruptive selection. |
| Define directional selection | The phenotype at one extreme of the population distribution has a selective advantage. |
| Define stabilizing selection. | The intermediate phenotypes are advantageous. |
| Define disruptive selection. | The intermediate phenotypes are at a disadvantage while the phenotypes at both extremes are advantageous. |
| Give an example of directional selection. | The peppered moth. |
| Give an example of stabilizing selection. | Mortality rates among newborns blooming periods in spring. |
| Define genetic drift. | Changes in allele frequency due to chance. |
| what are the consequences of genetic drift? | complete loss of an allele or increase in frequency of an allele, more possible for extinctions to occur, the population no longer represents original gene pool |
| State the forms of genetic drift | founder effect and the bottle neck effect |
| Define the bottle neck effect | a sharp reduction in the size of a population due to environmental events |
| Define the founder effect | some members of a population move to a new uninhabited environment |
| define gene flow | the transfer of alleles from one population to another usually through immigration or emigration |
| what factors affect the rate of gene flow? | |
| what mechanisms affect the rate of gene flow? | prezygotic and post zygotic mechanisms |
| what are the prezygotic mechanisms? | geographic isolation, temporal isolation, ecological isolation, behavioural isolation, mechanical isolation and gametic isolation |
| How does geographic isolation affect gene flow? | individuals cannot mate because they live in different areas |
| How does temporal isolation affect gene flow? | individuals do not mate because they are active at different times of the day of different seasons |
| How does ecological isolation affect gene flow? | individuals only mate in their preferred habitat and don't encounter species of different habitat preferences |
| How does behavioural isolation affect gene flow? | individuals of different species may not recognise sexual cues as mating rituals may be different.therefore an individual attracts members of its own species |
| How does mechanical isolation affect gene flow? | copulation may be attempted but transfer of sperm does not take place due to incompatibility of sex organs |
| How does gametic isolation affect gene flow? | sperm transfer takes place but egg is not fertilised |
| what are the post zygotic mechanisms? | Zygotic mortality, hybrid inviability, hybrid sterility, hybrid breakdown |
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Naomi20
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