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Back/spinal cord
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The superficial fascia is continous with... | deep fascia |
| What is bound to underlying muscle, envelops the latissimus dorsi and trap? | deep fascia |
| thoracolumbar fascia | coves deep back muscles and is made from the aponeuroses of lats, tranversus abdominus and internal oblique |
| What are the cutaneous nerves of the superficial back? | dorsal rami of spinal nerves, post branches of lateral cut. nerves |
| There is no cutaneous innervation from C1 (T/F) | true |
| The Trapezius originates from... | medial pat of superior nuchal line, ligamentum nuchae, thoracic spinous processes adn supraspinaous ligaments |
| Lateral part of the clavicle, acrominon, and spine of scapula is the insertion of what muscle? | trapezius |
| The trapezius is innervated by... | spinal portion of the accessory nerve CNXI |
| What nerve runs on the deep side of the trapezius muscle with superficial branch of transeverse cervical artery? | spinal portion of accessory nerve |
| Acting as a whole the trap does what? | rotates the scapula upward |
| the upper trap does what? | rotates scapula upward |
| middle trap does what? | retracts scap |
| lower trap? | depresses and upwardly rotates scapula |
| The latissimus dorsi orginates from? | spinous processes of T7-T12, lumbar aponeurosis (thoracolumbar fascia), crest of ilieum, lower 3 or 4 ribs, inferior angle of scapula |
| What inserts on the floor of the bicipital groove? | latissimus dorsi |
| What is the lats innervated by? | thoracodorsal n. from the brachial plexus |
| What are the actions of the latissimus dorsi | extension, internal rotation, and adduction of humerus-also contribute to scapular depression and retraction |
| Levator scapulae originates from? | tranverse processes of c1-c4 |
| Levator inserts... | vertrbral border between the spine and the superior angle of the scapula |
| The dorsal scapular nerve innervates what muscles? | levator scapulae, rhomboid minor and major |
| What muscle helps with elevation and downward rotation of the scapula? | levator scapulae |
| What muscle originates on the spinous processes of C7-T1 | rhomboid minor |
| Rhomboid minor inserts on... | vertebral border of the scapula at base of the spine |
| The dorsal scapula nerve can be found where and with what artery? | on the deep surface of the rhomboid minor with deep branch of transverse cervical artery |
| The action of rhomboid minor is... | downward rotation, retraction and elevation of the scapula |
| Rhomboid major inserts | on spionous processes T2-T5 |
| muscle inserts on vertebral border of scapula below rhomboid minor to the inferior angle? | rhomboid major |
| Action of rhomboid major is.. | downward rotation, elevation and retraction of scapula, works together with minor |
| Serratus posterior superior O and I on... | O-spinous processes of C7-T2I-upper ribs |
| Serratus pos. sup. is innervated by | intercostal nerves T2-T5 ventral rami |
| What assists in lifting the ribs during inspiration? | serratus posterior superior |
| Serratus posertior inferior O and I on | O- spinous processes T11-L2 I- lower ribs |
| Intercostal nerves T9-T12 ventral rami innervate what? | serratus posterior inferior |
| It is unclear the action of serratus posterior inferior, may hold lower ribs down during inspirtaion (T/F) | true |
| What are the borders of the triangle of aucultation? | lateral edge of trapssup edge of latslower part of vertrbral border of scapula |
| At what level is the triangle of auscultation and what msucle covers it? | 6th intercostal space and covered only by rohmboid major allows to hear respirtory sounds |
| Borders of the lumbar triangle | inferior edge of latissiums, posterior edge of external oblique, and iliac crest |
| All true back muscles are innervated by dorsal primary rami (T/F) | true |
| Deep back muscles are covered with a layer of deep fascia, in the lower thoracic and lumbar region the deep fascia is called | thoracolumbar fascia |
| Name the groups of true back muscles | splenius, erector spinae, transversospinalis muscles, segmental muscles |
| Splenius cervicis O and I | O from cervical spinous processes to tranverse process |
| Splenius capitis O and I | cervical spinous process to mastoid process and lateral part of superior nuchal line |
| If splenius cervicis and capitis work together then they | extend the head |
| If one works while the other does not then the action they carry out is... | rotation of the head |
| What is the common origin for the erector spinae muscles? | iliac crest, sacrum, spinous processes of T11,12 and lumbar vertebrae |
| 3 parts of erector spinae from lateral to medial | iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis |
| Lumborum iliocostalis | runs from the common origin to ribs |
| thoracis iliocostalis | ribs to ribs |
| cervicis iliocostalis | ribs to cervical t processes |
| thoracic longissimus | common origin to lateral ribs and thorcis t processes |
| Cervicis longissimus | upper thoracic t processes to cervical t processes |
| longissimus capitius | cervical t processes to mastoid process |
| Spinalis runs from spinous process to spinous process- only well developed in the thoracic region | true |
| Work as a group erector spinae... | extension |
| Unilateral work by erector spinae causes | lateral flexion |
| Together erector spinae controls | flexion eccentrically |
| What muscles lie deep to and are shorter than the erector spinae | transversospinalis muscles |
| Name the groups of transversospinalis muscles | semispinalis, mutlifidus, rotators |
| Tranversospinalis muscles run... | upward from lateral to medial (t processes to spinous processes) |
| Semispinalis has three parts... | thoracic, cervicis, and capitis |
| what crosses 4-6 segments, is well developed in the cervical area and not seen in the lumbar area | Semispinalis |
| Semispinalis capitis runs.. | vertically and fills in space between the superior and inferior nuchal lines |
| Multifidus | crosses 4 to 6 segments and runs up to C2 |
| Rotators | cross 1 or 2 segments |
| Action of the tranversospinalis muscles | rotation to the opposite side |
| This group of muscles can not been seen in the dissection, extends from 1 vertebrae to the next in the cervical and lumbar regions...there are 2 groups name them | segmental muscles, interspinalies and intertransversarii |
| what do suboccipital muscles do? | connect atlas and axis to each other and to the skull |
| obliquus capitis inferior | O-spinous process of axisI- t process of atlas |
| Which muscle rotates atlas and head to same side | obliquus capitis inferior |
| obliquus capitis superior | O-tranverse process I- near nuchal line |
| What muscle has an action bilaterally: extends head, unilaterally: side bend to same side | obliquus capitis superior |
| Rectus capitis posterior major | O-spinous process of axis, I-inferior nuchal line near midline |
| Action of the rectus capitis posterior major? | primarily extends the head (bilateral) |
| Rectus capitis Posterior minor | O-posterior tubercle of atlas, I-partially under cover of major near inferior nuchal line |
| Action of the rectus capitis pos minor is the same as the major, to primarily extend (bilaterally) | true |
| What are the borders of the subocciptial triangle? | obliquus capitis inferior, superior, and rectus capitis posterior major |
| What are the contents of the suboccipital arch | posterior arch of atlas, vertebral artery, suboccipital nerve (c1) no cutaneous branches |
| Where does the greater occiptial nerve (C2 dorsal ramus) emerge? | from under obliquus capitia inferior, tranverses the subocciptial triangle, and pierces the semispinalis capitis on it way towards the scalp. |
| What is associated with the occipitial artery and C2 innervates the skin and scapl of the back of the head? | the greater occipital nerve C2 dorsal ramus |
| What group of muscles does the suboccipital nerve innervate? | the suboccipital muscles (4) |
| What is the shape of the spinal cord? | elongated, nearly cylindrical, flattened dorsoventrally |
| Size of the spinal cord? | 1cm in diameter, approx 45 cm long |
| Which end of the spinal cord is continous with the medulla oblongata (at the upper border of the atlas) | rostral end |
| At what level does the interspace spinal cord taper to a point which is called? | L1-L2, conus medullaris |
| Cervical enlargement is.. | C5-T1 causes by the brachial plexus |
| lumbar enlargement is... | L2-S3 caused by lumbar plexus |
| The spinal cord has how many segments, each of which has a pair of spinal nerves associated with it. | 31/33 segments |
| Because the spinal cord and the vertebral column grow at different rates, the level where a pair of nerve roots exits the cord is usually different from where the spinal nerve exits the vertebral column (t/f) | true |
| C1 thru C7 exits... | above the same numbered vertebrae |
| C8 exits... | below C7 |
| T1 down to coccygeal exits... | below vertebrae of the same number |
| wHICH nerves descend in dural sac before exiting vertebral column? | lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerves |
| Cauda equina | a descending collection of dorsal and ventral nevre rootlets beyond the termination of the spinal cord |
| What are meninges? | coverings of the spinal cord and brain, act to anchor and protect the spinal cord |
| Spinal dura is an extension of... | the cranial dura |
| What corresponds to the outer layer of dura | periosteum of the vertebrae |
| The spinal dura is seperated from the periosteum by what? | epidural space-which is filled with fat and vertebral venous plexus |
| The epidural space is used in the sacral region for administration of anesthetic for "epidurals" | true |
| Dura extends down to... | S2 level |
| What forms a dural sleeve around roots and spinal nerve at each level as they run through the intervertebral foramen | dura |
| Dura then blends with the epineurium (t/f) | true |
| What is a thin delicate membrane inside of the dura? | arachnoid |
| spinal arachnoid is an extension of the cranial arachnoid (T/F) | true |
| Arachnoid ensheaths roots in the intervertebral foramen as far as the dura does (t/f) | False-not as far as the dura |
| What space is between the arachnoid and the pia | subarachnooid space |
| Lumbar cistern? | widest region of the subarachnoid space containing the cauda equina |
| The lumbar cistern extends from the ___ _____ to ___ | conus medullarus (L1-L2 interspace) to S2 (end of dural sac) |
| The lumbar cistern contains CSF and is the place for lumbar punctures (T/F) | True |
| Pia mater is in contact with... | the spinal cord |
| What covers the vessels supplying the spinal cord? | pia mater |
| What anchors the spinal cord to the dura by denticulate ligaments | pia mater |
| 18-24 flattened bands of epipial tissue? | denticulate ligaments |
| Filum terminale | caudal extension of pis mater beyond the conus medullaris |
| The filum terminale attaches to | the coccyx |
| The spinal cord is anchored superiorly by | attachment to medulla and continuation of spinal cord dura with brain dura |
| The spinal cord is anchorded inferiorly by | attachment to the coccyx via filum terminale |
| The spinal cord is anchorded laterally by | denticulate ligaments to sura and sural sleeves over roots |
| Which artery is formed by 2 roots, 1 from each vertebral artery? | anterior spinal artery |
| Singular anterior spinal artery runs... | on ventral surface of the cord in anterior median fissure |
| Anterior spinal artery supplies... | 2/3's of spinal cord |
| How many Posterior spinal arteries are there? | 2 post spinal arteries |
| What usually arises from the vertebral artery and supplies posterior 1/3 of the spinal cord? | Posterior spinal arteries |
Created by:
swedickj
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