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Integumentary System
Integumentary system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Identify the two main layers of the cutaneous membrane | dermis and epidermis |
| Identify the five layers of the epidermis | Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum |
| What determines skin color? | The amount of pigments in your skin (melanin, carotene and hemoglobin) Melanin is made by the skin. |
| Describe the process of cornification | the conversion of skin cells into keratin or other horny material such as nails or scales |
| What are freckles? | local accumulations of melanin |
| Why do we tan? | As a result of exposure to sunlight, the melanocytes are stimulated to produce more melanin, also triggered by damage to the DNA from the sun. |
| Describe the functions of skin | protection (physical, chemical and biological barrier), Temperature regulation, sensation, metabolic functions, blood reservoir, excretion. |
| What are the two layers of the dermis | Papillary layer and Reticular layer |
| What type of tissue makes up the papillary layer? | areolar connective tissue |
| What type of tissue comprises the reticular layer? | dense irregular connective tissue |
| What does hypodermis mean? | Area below the dermis. Not part of the skin. Mostly fat. |
| What are the four cell types of the epidermis? | keratinocyte, melanocyte, dendritic, tactile |
| What cell type primarily makes up the epidermis? | keratinocytes |
| Where are skin cells regenerated? | stratum basale by stem cells (dividing keratinocytes) |
| Which layer of the epidermis is only present in thick skin? | stratum lucidum |
| Which layer of the epidermis is most superficial? | stratum corneum |
| Which areas of the body have "thick" skin? | soles of feet and palms of hands |
| Where would you find a melanocyte? | near the stratum basale where the stem cells are |
| Where does the hair grow from? | follicle |
| Type of gland associated with a hair follicle | sebaceous |
| Type of gland producing watery secretion to cool the body | sweat gland |
| What is the ceruminous gland | Produces ear wax to protect the ear |
| Which gland is important for nourishing an infant? | mammary gland |
| Proximal end of the nail underneath the cuticle | root |
| Deep to the root, site of nail growth | germinative zone |
| Most distal point of nail | free border or free edge |
| Main part of the nail that you can see | nail body |
| Another name for cuticle | eponychium |
| The crescent shaped white area near proximal end of nail body | lunula |
| Glands are located in which part of the skin? | dermis |
| Glands are made from what type of tissue? | epithelial |
| Area of the skin with nerves, capillaries, hair follicles | dermis |
| The purpose of head hair is to | cushion blows, protect from UV and insulate |
| The purpose of nose/ear hair is to | guard entrances |
| Two types of hair are | vellus and terminal |
| The type of hair that has pigment | terminal |
| Type of hair called "peach fuzz" | vellus |
| What are the three types of skin cancer we studied? | Squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma and melanoma |
| Which type of skin cancer produces malignant tumors and is the most dangerous? | melanoma |
| Distinguish between the classes of burns | 1st degree is epidermis only; 2nd degree has blisters and part of dermis is affected; 3rd degree affects the full thickness of skin |
| Which class of burn might require skin grafts? | 3rd degree |
| Which class of burn is sun burn usually? | 1st degree |
| Why is it important to get some UVB exposure from the sun? | to produce the precursor of Vitamin D in the skin which is important for calcium absorption |
| What types of barriers does your skin provide? | As a physical barrier, chemical barrier (acidic), and biological barrier (immune response) |
| Name 6 functions of skin | protection, blood reservoir, temperature regulation, excretion, vitamin D synthesis, sensation |
| Name the four stages of wound healing | hemostasis; inflammatory; proliferative; remodeling |
| Describe the process of wound healing | blood clots to form a barrier and stop the bleeding; immune cells kill bacteria/invaders; fibroblasts create collagen and new matrix to rebuild skin; wound contracts and closes. Unnecessary cells removed and collagen remodeled. |
| What is the selective pressure on skin color towards the poles? | Selection for paler skin that enables vitamin D synthesis (darker pigments block the weaker UVB rays) |
| What is the selective pressure on skin color toward the equator? | Selection for darker skin that blocks the strong UV rays that break down folate necessary for fetal development. Also prevents skin cancer. |
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