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Essential Bio Ch 10
Essential Biology Chapter 10
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| adenine | A double-ring nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA. |
| AIDS | The name of the late stages of HIV infection; defined by a specified reduction of T cells and the appearance of characteristic secondary infections. |
| anticodon | A specialized base triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that recognizes a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule. |
| bacterial chromosome | The single, circular DNA molecule found in bacteria. |
| bacteriophage | A virus that infects bacteria; also called a phage. See phage. |
| codon | A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code. |
| cytosine | A single-ring nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA. |
| DNA ligase | A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 39 end of a new DNA fragment to the 59 end of a growing chain. |
| DNA polymerase | An enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA at a replication fork by the addition of nucleotides to the existing chain. |
| double helix | The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape. |
| exon | A coding region of a eukaryotic gene. Exons, which are expressed, are separated from each other by introns. |
| genetic code | The set of rules relating nucleotide sequence to amino acid sequence. |
| guanine | A double-ring nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA. |
| HIV | The infectious agent that causes AIDS; it is an RNA retrovirus. |
| intron | A noncoding, intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene. |
| lysogenic cycle | A phage replication cycle in which the viral genome becomes incorporated into the bacterial host chromosome as a prophage and does not kill the host. |
| lytic cycle | A type of viral replication cycle resulting in the release of new phages by death or lysis of the host cell. |
| mutagen | A chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation. |
| mutation | A rare change in the DNA of a gene ultimately creating genetic diversity. |
| nucleotide | The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group. |
| peptide bond | The covalent bond between two amino acid units, formed by a dehydration reaction. |
| phage | A virus that infects bacteria; also called a bacteriophage. |
| polynucleotide | A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. The two types are DNA and RNA. |
| promoter | A specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase and indicates where to start transcribing RNA. |
| prophage | A phage genome that has been inserted into a specific site on the bacterial chromosome. |
| provirus | Viral DNA that inserts into a host genome. |
| reading frame | The way a cell’s mRNA-translating machinery groups the mRNA nucleotides into codons. |
| retrovirus | An RNA virus that reproduces by transcribing its RNA into DNA and then inserting the DNA into a cellular chromosome; an important class of cancer-causing viruses. |
| reverse transcriptase | An enzyme encoded by some RNA viruses that uses RNA as a template for DNA synthesis. |
| ribosomal RNA | The most abundant type of RNA, which together with proteins, forms the structure of ribosomes. Ribosomes coordinate the sequential coupling of tRNA molecules to mRNA codons. |
| RNA polymerase | An enzyme that links together the growing chain of ribonucleotides during transcription. |
| RNA splicing | The removal of noncoding portions (introns) of the RNA molecule after initial synthesis. |
| stop codon | In mRNA, one of three triplets (UAG, UAA, UGA) that signal gene translation to stop. |
| sugar-phosphate backbone | The alternating chain of sugar and phosphate to which the DNA and RNA nitrogenous bases are attached. |
| terminator | A special sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene. It signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule, which then departs from the gene. |
| thymine | A single-ring nitrogenous base found in DNA. |
| transcription | The synthesis of RNA on a DNA template. |
| transfer RNA | An RNA molecule that functions as an interpreter between nucleic acid and protein language by picking up specific amino acids and recognizing the appropriate codons in the mRNA. |
| translation | The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule. There is a change of "language" from nucleotides to amino acids. |
| translocation | An aberration in chromosome structure resulting from an error in meiosis/mutagens specifically attachment of chromosomal fragment to nonhomologous chromosome.2During protein synthesis the 3rd stage in the elongation cycle when the RNA carrying the growing |
| uracil | A single-ring nitrogenous base found in RNA. |
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