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Essential Bio Ch 9
Essential Biology Chapter 9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| true-breeding | Organisms for which sexual reproduction produces offspring with inheritable trait(s) identical to those of the parents. The organisms are homozygous for the characteristic(s) under consideration. |
| testcross | The mating between an individual of unknown genotype for a particular characteristic and an individual that is homozygous recessive for that same characteristic. |
| sickle-cell disease | A genetic disorder in which the red blood cells have abnormal hemoglobin molecules and take on an abnormal shape. |
| sex-linked gene | A gene located on a sex chromosome. |
| sex chromosomes | One of the pair of chromosomes responsible for determining the sex of an individual. |
| self-fertilize | The fusion of sperm and egg that are produced by the same individual organism. |
| rule of multiplication | A rule stating that the probability of a compound event is the product of the separate probabilities of the independent events. |
| red-green color blindness | A class of common sex-linked human disorders involving several genes on the X chromosome; characterized by a malfunction of light-sensitive cells in the eyes; affects mostly males but also homozygous females. |
| recessive allele | In a heterozygote, the allele that is completely masked in the phenotype. |
| punnett square | A diagram used in the study of inheritance to show the results of random fertilization. |
| polygenic inheritance | An additive effect of two or more gene loci on a single phenotypic character. |
| pleiotropy | The ability of a single gene to have multiple effects. |
| phenotype | The physical and physiological traits of an organism. |
| pedigree | A family tree representing the occurrence of heritable traits in parents and offspring across a number of generations. |
| P generation | The parent individuals from which offspring are derived in studies of inheritance; P stands for parental. |
| monohybrid cross | An experimental mating of individuals in which the inheritance of a single characteristic is tracked. |
| locus | The particular site where a gene is found on a chromosome. Homologous chromosomes have corresponding gene loci. |
| linked genes | Genes that are located on the same chromosome. |
| linkage maps" | A map of a chromosome showing the relative positions of genes. |
| incomplete dominance | A type of inheritance in which F<sub>1</sub> hybrids have an appearance that is intermediate between the phenotypes of the parental varieties. |
| hybrids | The offspring of two different varieties of plants or animals. |
| Huntington disease | A human genetic disease caused by a dominant allele; characterized by uncontrollable body movements and degeneration of the nervous system; usually fatal 10-20 years after the onset of symptoms. |
| homozygous | Having two identical alleles for a given trait. |
| heterozygous | Having two different alleles for a given genetic character. |
| hemophilia | A human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele, characterized by excessive bleeding following injury. |
| genotype | The genetic makeup of an organism. |
| F2 generation | Offspring resulting from interbreeding of the hybrid F1 generation. |
| F1 generation | The first filial, or hybrid, offspring in a genetic cross-fertilization. |
| Duchenne muscular dystrophy | A human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele; characterized by progressive weakening and a loss of muscle tissue. |
| dominant allele | In a heterozygote, the allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype. |
| dihybrid cross | An experimental mating of individuals in which the inheritance of two traits is tracked. |
| cross-fertilization | The fusion of sperm and egg derived from two different individuals. |
| cross | The cross-fertilization of two different varieties of an organism or of two different species; also called hybridization. |
| codominance | A phenotypic situation in which the two alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways. |
| chromosome theory of inheritance | A basic principle in biology stating that genes are located on chromosomes and that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis accounts for inheritance patterns. |
| carrier | individual who isheterozygous at a given genetic locus with one normal allele and one potentially harmful recessive allele. The heterozygote is phenotypically normal for the character determined by the gene but can pass on the harmful allele to offspring. |
| autosome | A chromosome that is not directly involved in determining sex, as opposed to a sex chromosome. |
| alleles | An alternative form of a gene. |
| achondroplasia | A form of human dwarfism caused by a single dominant allele; the homozygous condition is lethal. |
| ABO blood groups | Genetically determined classes of human blood that are based on the presence or absence of carbohydrates A and B on the surface of red blood cells. The ABO blood group phenotypes, also called blood types, are A, B, AB, and O. |
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