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Essential Bio Ch 8
Essential Biology Chapter 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| acclimation | Long-term but reversible physiological response to an environmental change. |
| anaphase | The fourth subphase of mitosis, in which the chromatids of each chromosome have separated and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell. |
| asexual reproduction | A type of reproduction involving only one parent that produces genetically identical offspring by budding or by the division of a single cell or the entire organism into two or more parts. |
| autosome | A chromosome that is not directly involved in determining sex, as opposed to a sex chromosome. |
| benign tumor | A mass of abnormal cells that remains at the site of origin. |
| cancer cells | Do not have a properly functioning cell-cycle system; instead, they divide excessively and can invade other tissues of the body. |
| carcinomas | Cancer that originates in one of the coverings of the body, such as the skin or the lining of the intestinal tract. |
| cell cycle | An ordered sequence of events in the life of a eukaryotic cell, from its origin in the division of a parent cell until its own division into two; composed of the M, G<sub>1</sub>, S, and G<sub>2</sub> phases. |
| cell cycle control system | A cyclically operating set of molecules in the cell that triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle. |
| cell plate | A double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell, between which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis. |
| centromere | The centralized region joining two sister chromatids. |
| centrosome | Material present in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells, important during cell division; the microtubule-organizing center. |
| chiasma | The X-shaped, microscopically visible region representing homologous chromatids that have exchanged genetic material through crossing over during meiosis. |
| chromatin | The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope. |
| chromosome | A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins. <i>See</i> chromatin. |
| cleavage furrow | The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate. |
| crossing over | The reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during synapsis of meiosis I. |
| cytokinesis | The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis. |
| diploid cell | A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2<i>n</i>), one set inherited from each parent. |
| Down syndrome | A human genetic disease resulting from having an extra chromosome 21, characterized by mental retardation and heart and respiratory defects. |
| fertilization | The union of haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote. |
| gamete | A haploid cell such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote. |
| genetic recombination | The general term for the production of offspring with new combinations of traits inherited from the two parents. |
| genome | The complete complement of an organism's genes; an organism's genetic material. |
| haploid | A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (<i>n</i>). |
| homologous chromosomes | Chromosome pairs of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern that possess genes for the same characters at corresponding loci. One homologous chromosome is inherited from the organism's father, the other from the mother. |
| interphase | The period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing. During interphase, cellular metabolic activity is high, chromosomes and organelles are duplicated, and cell size may increase. Interphase accounts for 90% of the cell cycle. |
| karyotype | A method of organizing the chromosomes of a cell in relation to number, size, and type. |
| leukemia | A type of cancer of the blood-forming tissues, characterized by an excessive production of white blood cells and an abnormally high number of them in the blood; cancer of the bone marrow cells that produce leukocytes. |
| lymphomas | Cancers of the tissues that form white blood cells. |
| malignant tumor | A cancerous tumor that is invasive enough to impair functions of one or more organs. |
| meiosis | A two-stage type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in cells with half the chromosome number of the original cell. |
| metaphase | The third subphase of mitosis, in which the spindle is complete and the chromosomes, attached to microtubules at their kinetochores, are all aligned at the metaphase plate. |
| metastasis | The spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site. |
| mitosis | Nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. This process conserves chromosome number by equally allocating replicated chromosomes to each of the daughter nuclei. |
| mitotic phase | The phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis. |
| mitotic spindle | An assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movements of chromosomes during mitosis. |
| nondisjunction | An accident of meiosis or mitosis, in which the members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to move apart properly. |
| polyploid | Cells that contain more than two complete sets of homologous chromosomes in each somatic cell. |
| prophase | The first subphase of mitosis, in which the chromatin is condensing and the mitotic spindle begins to form, but the nucleolus and nucleus are still intact. |
| radiation therapy | Treatment for cancer in which parts of the body that have cancerous tumors are exposed to high-energy radiation to disrupt cell division of the cancer cells. |
| sarcomas | Cancers that arise in tissues that support the body, such as bone and muscle. |
| sexual reproduction | A type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the gametes of the two parents. |
| sister chromatids | Replicated forms of a chromosome joined together by the centromere and eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II. |
| somatic cell | Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg cell. |
| telophase | The fifth and final subphase of mitosis, in which daughter nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun. |
| trisomy 21 | A condition in which there are three number-21 chromosomes, which can cause Down syndrome. |
| zygote | The diploid product of the union of haploid gametes in conception; a fertilized egg. |
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