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Cell Bio Lecture 1
Cell Bio Midterm 1
| Species are defined by the _____ information found in a single cell. | hereditary |
| Define heredity. | Central to the definition of life; parent organism passes down genetic information. |
| T or F: Whole organisms start out as multiple cells. | False |
| All cells store hereditary information in the from of ____. | DNA |
| T or F: Bacteria can decipher human DNA. | True |
| DNA consists of what three components? | Sugar, phosphate, base |
| DNA replication is considered to be ____-conservative. | semi |
| The rate of DNA replication depends on _____. | environment |
| The rate of DNA synthesis depends on _____. | enzyme |
| All cells use ____ intermediates in the flow of information. | RNA |
| Define transcription. | Segments of DNA are used as templates for RNA; takes place in the nucleus. |
| Define translation. | RNA directs the synthesis of proteins; takes place in the cytoplasm. |
| T or F: Prokaryotes and eukaryotes have different celluar machinery, but utilize the same mechanism for replication. | True |
| All cells use ____ as catalysts. | protein |
| What are the monomers of polypeptides? | Amino acids |
| Name three functions of proteins. | Enzymes, structural proteins, sending signals |
| DNA ____ represent one protein. | segments |
| Name three functions of RNA. | Catalytic, regulatory, structural |
| T or F: Prokaryotes have a splicing mechanism to cut out intron sequences from RNA. | False |
| T or F: Multiple proteins can be made from one polypeptide. | True |
| What are two functions of the plasma membrane? | Acts as a barrier, concentrates nutrients, excretes waste products |
| The plasma membrane is ____, meaning part hydrophobic and part hydrophillic. | amphiphilic |
| Proteins embedded in the plasma membrane for transport are highly _____, meaning they are similar across all organisms. | conserved |
| If we want to increase the rate of a substance being imported into the cell, how does this get accomplished? | Increasing the number of proteins found on the membrane. |
| Name the three branches of living organisms. | Bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes |
| Define intragenic mutation. | An existing gene is randomly modified on the DNA sequence. |
| Define gene duplication. | An existing gene is duplicated. |
| Define segment shuffling. | Two or more genes break and rejoin to form a hyrbid. |
| Define horizontal transfer. | DNA from one genome is transferred to the genome of another organism. |
| Gene duplications give rise to _____, related genes within a single cell. | families |
| T or F: Gene duplications can differentiate in the cell to have different functions. | True |
| Define orthologs. | Genes in two separate species derived from the same gene. |
| Define paralogs. | Related genes from duplication within a single genome. |
| Define transformation. | Bacteria take up DNA from the environment. |
| What is the model organism for bacteria? | E.coli |
| What are the advantages to E.coli as a model organism? | Adapts to conditions, grows rapidly, evolves by mutation at high speed |
| T or F: E.coli is the most studied model organism. | True |
| T or F: Prokaryotes are rich in regulatory DNA. | False |
| What are three differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes? | Eukaryotes: hold DNA in nucleus, have an elaborate cytoskeleton, contain a nuclear envelope, use phagocytosis |
| What is the endosymbiotic theory? | A larger eukaryotic cell (with a nucleus) engulfed a smaller prokaryotic cell which gave rise to mitochondria and chloroplasts. |
| What is the evidence to support the endosymbiotic theory? | Both mitochondria and chloroplasts are inherited differently than other components of the cell; not via nuclear DNA. |
| What is the purpose of regulatory DNA? | To determine what DNA is expressed and when. |
| Where is regulatory DNA generally found? | Non-coding region |
| T or F: Regulatory DNA is crucial for the formation of complex organisms. | True |
| T or F: Yeasts are multicellular prokaryotes. | False |
| Yeast undergo both _____ and ______ reproduction. | vegetative, sexual |
| Yeast are both _____ and _____ in terms of their genome. | Haploid, diploid |
| What are yeasts useful in helping us study about eukaryotes? | Basics of DNA replication, cell division cycles |
| _____ is used as a plant model organism. | Arabidopsis |
| _____ is used as a model organism to study development and cancer. | C. elegans |
| T or F: All of the body cells of C. elegans are known. | True |
| _____ is used as a model organism for inheritance studies and gene duplication. | Drosophila |
| _____ is used as a model organism to study the developing embryo. | Xenopus |
| What model organism is used to extrapolate onto humans? | mouse |
| Protein cores are _____ which aid in protein folding. | hydrophobic |
| T or F: The final folded structure of a protein maximizes its free energy. | False |
| How do chaperones assist in protein folding? | They prevent hydrophobic regions from becoming exposed and forming protein aggregates. |
| T or F: Protein domains fold independently. | True |
| SH2 and SH3 domains have a _____ function. | regulatory |
| C-terminal domains have a _____ function. | kinase catalytic activity |
| Define ligands. | Substances which bind to proteins with high specificity. |
| Ligands bind to an active-site via ____ bonds and a specific amino acid sequence. | non-covalent |
| T or F: Protein phosphorylation is the most common type of protein regulation. | True |
| Describe the process of protein phosphorylation. | The enzyme-catalyzed transfer or a phosphate group (or ATP-> ADP) to the hydroxyl group of serine, threonine, or tyrosine on a protein. |
| Protein phosphorylation is catalyzed by ______. | protein kinase |
| Dephosphorylation is catalyzed by _____. | protein phosphatase |
| Describe molecular switches. | A way to control protein activity by adding or removing a phosphate molecule. |
| A G-protein is active if it is _____-bound. | GTP |
| A G-protein is inactive if it is _____-bound. | GDP |
| Since GTP hydrolysis is very slow, a _____ molecule catalyzes this reaction. | GTPase activating protein (GAP) |
| ______ induces the release of GDP and replacement with GTP. | guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) |
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goberoi
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