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lifespan 1a
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| alveolar-capillary membrane | Level on which the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place in the lungs |
| atelectasis | Condition in which alveoli collapse and poor oxygen diffusion occurs because of a decrease in available oxygen-absorbing surfaces. |
| atherosclerosis | Condition in which plaque accumulates within the arteries, creating a narrowed arterial lumen and impeding the flow of oxygenated blood throughout the vessels. |
| blocked alveoli | Cause of insufficient oxygen diffusion and absorption because of decreased gas exchange across the alveolar-capillary membrane. |
| cardiogenic shock | Type of shock that decreases cardiac output because it occurs when the heart’s pumping ability is impaired. |
| chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | Common cause of hypoventilation characterized by air trapping in the alveoli, thus decreasing the exchange of gases. |
| deadspace | Space in the lungs that lacks blood flow and is therefore unavailable or “dead” to the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen, even when ventilation is sufficient. |
| diffusion | Movement of gases, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, from higher levels of concentration to lower levels of concentration |
| disseminated intravasular coagulation (DIC) | Bleeding disorder that causes an alteration in clotting factors, leading to hemorrhage. |
| distributive shock | Type of shock in which the vascular tone of the vessels is affected, causing vasodilation and resulting in hypovolemia. |
| expiration | Movement of air out of the lungs that occurs as a result of the elastic recoil properties of lung tissue and the chest wall. |
| flail chest | Condition causing decreased ventilation in which the ribs are broken in multiple places and are no longer able to provide support to the chest wall. |
| hemophila | Hereditary coagulation disorder that results in prolonged bleeding episodes that may be life-threatening |
| hypercapnia | Increased level of carbon dioxide in the blood; develops because ventilation is insufficient to remove carbon dioxide from the system. |
| hyperventilation | Increased ventilation that exceeds the body’s need for carbon dioxide elimination; characterized by a rapid respiratory rate |
| hypocapnia | Hyperventilative state in which the PaCO2 levels are less than 35 mm Hg. |
| hypoventilation | Decreased ability to ventilate the lungs and provide an adequate exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide; characterized by a decreased respiratory rate. |
| hypovalemic shock | Type of shock that develops when there is a loss of intravascular fluid volume, leading to a decrease in circulating fluid. |
| hypoxemia | Decreased level of oxygen in the blood due to hypoventilation |
| hypoxia | Decreased supply of oxygen to the tissues due to hypoventilation. |
| increase airway resistance | Cause of hypoventilation that prevents air from reaching the lung tissues. |
| inspiration | Movement of air into the lungs caused by the contraction of the diaphragm and the intercostal and accessory respiratory muscles. |
| perfusion | Amount of blood flow through the pulmonary capillaries |
| pleural effusion | Accumulation of fluid in the pleural space of the lungs that can adversely affect lung expansion due to pressure from the fluid and decreased ventilation. |
| pneumothorax | Condition in which ventilation and perfusion are either inadequate or nonexistent; a silent unit is therefore present |
| pulmonary embolus | Condition that impedes the transportation of oxygenated blood condition in which a clot lodges in a vessel in the lungs, obstructing the vessel and impeding the flow of oxygenated blood beyond the location of the clot. |
| pulmonary hypertension | Condition in which pulmonary vascular resistance is increased, resulting in a decrease in pulmonary blood flow and oxygen transportation. |
| respiratory acidosis | State resulting from uncorrected hypoventilation in which an excess of carbonic acid (PaCO2 over 40 mmHg) exists in the blood. |
| repiratory alkalosis | State resulting from prolonged hyperventilation in which a deficit of carbon dioxide (PaCO2 less than 35 mm Hg) exists in the blood |
| respiratory center depression | Common cause of hypoventilation that can develop as a result of an overdose of any drugs that have a respiratory depressant action or as a result of neurological damage. |
| respiratory failure | Condition caused by uncorrected respiratory acidosis in which the patient is not capable of sustaining the ventilation necessary to adequately oxygenate the blood and eliminate carbon dioxide |
| shunting | Condition in which blood flows through the lungs without any gas exchange |
| silent unit | Condition in which ventilation and perfusion are either inadequate or nonexistent. |
| thrombocytopenia purpura | Alteration in blood coagulation in which platelets are destroyed, resulting in a decreased number of circulating platelets and causing the patient to be susceptible to hemorrhage |
| ventilation | Process by which gases are exchanged in the respiratory system |
| ventilation perfusion (V/Q) ration | Ratio of capillary blood flow to gas movement in and out of the lungs. |
| family tendency | Genetic tendency toward the development of a disorder |
| modifiable risk | Lifestyle choices made by a patient, including tobacco use, a diet high in fat and cholesterol, obesity, and a sedentary lifestyle |
| non-modifiable risk factor | Factors intrinsic to a patient, such as gender, aging, ethnicity, and familial history. |
| preexisting condition | Health problems that can lead to the development of other disorders. |
| socioeconomic status | State of income and living conditions that can affect a person’s risk for developing a disorder. |
| accessory muscles | Muscles in the neck and shoulder that indicate severe respiratory distress when used upon inspiration. |
| adventititous breath sounds | Abnormal lung sounds that can develop as a result of respiratory or cardiac problems |
| barrell chest | Increase in the anteroposterior (AP) diameter of the chest caused by hyperinflation of the lungs. |
| bradypnea | Slow (under 10 breaths per minute in adults), deep respirations that are usually regular in rhythm and can indicate respiratory depression |
| bronchial breath sounds | Normal breath sounds that are loud and of a high pitch. |
| bronchovesicular breath sounds | Normal breath sounds that are of a medium pitch and intensity |
| Cheyne-Stokes respirations | Altered breathing respirations that are characterized by a rhythmic increasing and then decreasing depth of respirations, followed by periods of apnea. |
| clubbing | Altered fingernail color that indicates chronic tissue hypoxia |
| crackles | Fine, high-pitched sounds present upon inspiration that indicate the existence of fluid in small airways or the collapse of small airways |
| cyanosis | Bluish discoloration of the skin that is indicative of decreased oxygenation of tissues. |
| diminished breath sounds | Adventitious breath sounds that indicate air is not moving freely through the lungs. |
| dyspnea | Difficulty breathing that is the most common symptom of respiratory disorders. |
| intercostal muscles | Muscles between the ribs that, when used upon inspiration, indicate severe respiratory distress |
| ketoacidosis | Common cause of Kussmaul’s respirations that can develop in patients with diabetes mellitus. |
| Kussmaul's respirations | Altered breathing patterns characterized by deep, regular, rapid respirations caused by metabolic acidosis. |
| metabolic acidosis | Condition caused by either a base bicarbonate deficit or an increased accumulation of acid that exhausts the body’s supply of plasma bicarbonate in an attempt to neutralize the excess acid. |
| nasal flaring | Flaring of nostrils that serves as a symptom of respiratory distress |
| orthopneic position | Position indicative of respiratory distress in which the patient leans forward with the arms supported. |
| pleural friction rub | Harsh, grating, rubbing sounds that can be heard upon inspiration or expiration. |
| pulsus paradoxus | Weakening of the pulse during inspiration due to a drop in systolic blood pressure |
| purses-lip breathing | Breathing in which the patient prolongs the expiratory phase of respiration by exhaling through pursed lips. |
| rhonchi | Low-pitched sounds heard upon expiration that indicate a larger airway obstruction with fluid |
| sleep apnea | Obstructive respiratory disorder that occurs during sleep in which loud snoring episodes occur with periods of apnea that last at least ten seconds. |
| splinting | Practice in which the patient guards against taking an inspiration of normal depth. |
| tachycardia | Elevated pulse rate that may be noted in patients who are developing hypoxia |
| tachypnea | Rapid (over 20 breaths per minute in adults; over 25 breaths per minute in the elderly), shallow respirations that may be regular or irregular in rhythm. |
| tension pnuemothorax | Condition in which air enters into the chest cavity and has no avenue for exit. |
| tracheal deviation | Deviation to either side of the trachea that indicates structures within the chest cavity have shifted in position. |
| vesicular breath sounds | Normal breath sounds that are quiet, soft, and of a low pitch. |
| wheezes | Adventitious breath sounds of a high musical pitch that occur upon inspiration or expiration. |
| acid fast smear | Sputum collection to determine the presence of acid-fast bacilli that are present in tuberculosis |
| arterial blood gas (ABG) | Measurement of the blood pH, oxygen, and carbon dioxide levels in arterial blood; used to determine the acid-base balance of the patient’s body and the need for and effectiveness of oxygen therapy |
| brochoscopy | Endoscopic procedure used to directly visualize the larynx, trachea, and bronchi. |
| complete blood count | Count that includes an analysis of red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin and hematocrit, and white blood cells (WBCs). |
| computed tomography (CT) | Noninvasive imaging diagnostic scan of the lungs that displays a cross-sectional view of the lungs |
| culture and sensitivity | Method of identifying organisms through a sputum analysis |
| cytology | Sputum examination that determines if abnormal cells indicative of a malignancy are present. |
| laryngoscopy | Endoscopic procedure performed to visualize the larynx, to biopsy a tumor, or to remove a foreign object. |
| lung biopsy | Procedure performed to obtain a tissue specimen for laboratory analysis. |
| lung scans | Scans used to identify abnormalities in lung perfusion, lung functioning, and gas exchange. |
| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | Images that produce cross-sectional views of the body and are useful for detecting lesions of the chest wall and cardiac abnormalities. |
| perfusion lung scans | Scans that visualize the blood flow within the lungs and require an injection of a radioactive agent. |
| pulmonary function tests | Tests used to evaluate pulmonary functioning and the effectiveness of prescribed respiratory treatment |
| pulse oximetry | Noninvasive method used to measure the oxygen saturation level of hemoglobin |
| spirometer | Instrument used to measure air movement in the lungs. |
| sputum specimen | Analysis collected to identify organisms through culture and sensitivity. |
| thoracentesis | Procedure in which pleural fluid is removed from the pleural space by inserting a needle through the chest wall into the pleural space |
| thoracoscopy | Surgical procedure performed to visualize the pleural cavity and other structures of the thoracic cavity. |
| throat culture | Sample obtained to identify organisms in an upper or lower respiratory infection. |
| ventilation lung scan | Scans that measure airflow in the lungs and require inhalation of a radioactive agent. |
| antibiotics | Medications prescribed only if an infection develops as a result of increased secretions and stasis of secretions. |
| antihistamines | Medications used to relieve allergic symptoms by blocking the action of histamine, which is released as part of the inflammatory process. |
| antitussives | Medications used to suppress persistent, nonproductive coughs that are uncomfortable to the patient |
| bi-level positive airway pressure (BIPAP) | Ventilator mode used when the patient is able to breathe spontaneously by providing positive pressure at both inspiration and expiration. |
| biofeedback | Complementary therapy that can be used to help the patient selfregulate physiological functioning. |
| bronchodilators | Medications used to dilate the bronchial airways and facilitate respiration. |
| chest tubes | Tubes that are inserted to remove air, fluid, blood, or even purulent material from the intrapleural space following treatment of a chest trauma thoracic surgery or |
| closed chest tube drainage system | Drainage systems that use one, two, or three bottles to create a water seal, apply suction, and collect drainage. |
| commercial drainage systems | Systems that operate upon the same principles of the three-bottle system but combine the three separate bottles into one plastic, disposable unit. |
| continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) | Ventilator mode used to maintain the existence of a preset airway pressure during both phases of the respiratory cycle; also decreases airway resistance. |
| decongestants | Medications used to decrease nasal congestion; typically prescribed to treat upper respiratory disorders. |
| expectorants | Medications used to help liquefy and thin respiratory secretions. |
| incentive spironmetry | Technique used to help promote expansion of the alveoli and prevent the development of atelectasis. |
| intranasal glucocorticoids | Steroids used for their anti-inflammatory action to treat allergic rhinitis. |
| leukotriene modifiers | Leukotriene receptor antagonists and leukotriene synthesis inhibitors used to decrease inflammation in asthma that is caused by environmental and allergic triggers. |
| mechanical ventialtion | Technique used when patients are not able to sustain adequate ventilation under their own efforts |
| mucolytic agents | Medications that break down and facilitate the removal of tenacious secretions from the respiratory tract. |
| nasal cannula | Common way of delivering low to moderate flow rates of oxygen (1−6 liters/minute). |
| oxygen hoods | Tents that are used to administer oxygen to infants and young children who do not tolerate the use of a cannula or mask. |
| oxygen masks | Masks used to administer concentrations of oxygen |
| oxygen therapy | Medicative therapy that is a key component in treating respiratory disorders. |
| oxygen toxicity | Condition that can arise from administering too high a concentration (over 50 to 60 percent) of oxygen for a prolonged period of time. |
| positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) | Ventilator mode in which the positive pressure is only applied by the ventilator at the end of expiration. |
| positive pressure ventilators | Ventilators that exert positive pressure upon the airway, thus inflating the lungs. |
| tidaling | Fluctuation of the fluid in the water seal chamber that should occur with the patient’s respirations when using a drainage system. |
| venturi mask | Oxygen mask that is considered to be the most reliable method of delivering a prescribed oxygen concentration. |
| acute epiglottits | Form of croup syndrome in which the supraglottic region of the airway becomes obstructed as a result of inflammation. |
| acute laryngitis | Form of croup syndrome most common in older children and teenagers. |
| acute larygotracheobronchitis (LTB) | Most common form of croup syndrome in which inflammation in the larynx and trachea causes swelling and obstruction of the airway. |
| artificial (electriacl) larynx | Alternative means of communication capable of producing sounds when the patient articulates words. |
| croup syndrome | Childhood disorder caused by acute respiratory infections that have affected the larynx, trachea, and/or bronchi. |
| esophageal speech | Speech produced by belching air that is seldom used, as it is difficult for the patient to learn to make intelligible sounds. |
| laryngeal obstruction | Medical emergency that can result from inflammation of the larynx or obstruction by a foreign body. |
| laryngectomy | Surgical treatment in which the larynx is removed and a tracheostomy is created in the neck. |
| sleep apnea | Obstructive respiratory disorder that occurs during sleep involving loud snoring episodes with periods of apnea that last at least ten seconds. |
| tonsillitis | Acute infection of the tonsils in which symptoms include sore throat and fever. |
| tonsillectomy | Procedure used to remove tonsils due to recurrent episodes of tonsillitis; most common in children. |
| tracheoesophageal puncture (TEP) | Most common procedure used to reestablish speech in which a speech valve is placed in the stoma to move air from the trachea into the esophagus and out the mouth. |
| tracheostomy | Permanent airway opening created during a laryngectomy |
| tripod position | Position common in acute epiglottitis in which the body is forward, mouth is open, chin thrust out, and tongue is protruding. |
| acute respiratory failure (ARF) | Rapid change in respiration that leads to the development of hypoxemia and/or hypercapnia. |
| adult respitatory distress syndrome (ARDS) | Acute respiratory failure characterized by hypoxemia, severe dyspnea, and the development of diffuse bilateral pulmonary infiltrations |
| atelectasis | Condition caused by an accumulation of lung secretions that eventually block the airways and cause collapse of the alveoli. |
| asthma | Chronic respiratory disorder caused by inflammation of the airways. |
| bronchiolitis | Condition caused when an acute viral infection affects the bronchioles. |
| bronchopneumonia | Pneumonia that is located in various areas of the bronchi and surrounding tissue. |
| caseation necrosis | Process in which the blood supply of the granuloma is gradually compressed by fibrotic tissue, and a necrotic, cheesy mass develops at the center of the nodule |
| chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | Chronic, progressive disorder consisting of chronic bronchitis and emphysema and is characterized by airflow obstruction. |
| chronic bronchitis | Component of chronic bronchitis caused by inhaling irritants into the lungs. |
| cor pulmonale | Right-sided ventricular heart failure due to increased pressure in the right ventricle from pumping against the increased pulmonary vascular resistance. |
| corticosteroids | Preferred medication for treating asthma through an inhaler. |
| deep vein thrombosis (DVT) | Primary cause of pulmonary embolus characterized by pain, edema, warmth, and redness, among other symptoms |
| empyema | Purulent fluid that can develop in the pleural space as a complication of pneumonia. |
| exudate | Secretions that develop within the alveoli because of an inflammatory response. |
| flail chest | Trauma that causes multiple adjacent ribs to fracture in two or more areas. |
| forced expiratory volume (FEV) | Pulmonary function study in which a decrease is a sign of an asthma attack. |
| forced vital capacity (FVC) | Pulmonary function study in which a decrease is a sign of an asthma attack. |
| Ghon tubercle | Calcified tubercle in which tuberculosis is no longer present. |
| granulomas | Deposits of live and dead bacilli that are surrounded by the macrophages during the process of tuberculosis transmission. |
| hemothorax | Development of blood in the pleural space. |
| Homan's sign | Calf tenderness when the foot is dorsiflexed; clinical manifestation of deep vein thrombosis |
| Huff coughing | Technique recommended to help move secretions and minimize bronchospasms. |
| hypocapnia | Decreased carbon dioxide levels that can lead to respiratory alkalosis. |
| lobar pneumonia | Type of pneumonia in which areas of consolidation develop and completely obstruct airflow. |
| Mantoux test | Tuberculin skin test that is used to diagnose tuberculosis |
| metered dose inhalers | Instruments that administer anti-inflammatory drugs for treatment of asthma. |
| orthopnea | Clinical manifestation of emphysema in which the patient cannot assume a recumbent position without developing dyspnea. |
| pleural effusion | Accumulation of fluid in the pleural space that can develop in the patient with pneumonia. |
| pneumothorax | Collapsed lung that develops when the parietal or visceral pleura of the lungs have been punctured. |
| pneumonia | Inflammation of lung tissue caused by microorganisms |
| respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) | Acute viral infection that primarily affects the bronchioles, causing bronchiolitis |
| status asthmaticus | Life-threatening and continuous asthma attack. |
| tuberculosis | Infectious disorder that primarily affects the lungs. |
| capillary refill | Return of color to the nail bed within three seconds when the fingernail is compressed and released. |
| cardiac output | Output measured by pulse pressure. |
| central venous pressure | Blood pressure readings that reflect the functioning of the right side of the heart and will be increased when pressure in the right side of the heart is elevated. |
| intermittent claudication | Pain that occurs in the calf muscles when walking that can occur in a cardiovascular disorder as a result of alterations in perfusion and lack of tissue oxygenation in the lower extremities. |
| jugular neck vein distention (JVD) | Condition that suggests the development of right-sided heart failure or circulatory volume overload. |
| murmurs | Sounds that occur due to turbulent blood flow through the heart. |
| pericardial friction rub | Abnormal, rubbing heart sound that can often be auscultated in cardiac disorders that are caused by inflammation or infection. |
| peripheral edema | Accumulation of fluid in the tissues commonly caused by congestive heart failure. |
| peripheral pulses | Pulses that provide an indication of the quality of arterial flow. |
| pitting edema | Condition in which the tissue can be depressed and an imprint remains; indicates that the patient is experiencing fluid volume overload. |
| pulmonery artery pressure | Blood pressure readings that reflect the functioning of the left ventricle; elevated in left-sided heart failure |
| pulse deficit | Condition that exists when the apical heart rate is faster than the radial pulse rate. |
| pulse pressure | Difference between the systolic (higher) blood pressure reading and the diastolic (lower) blood pressure reading. |
| S1 | First heart sound (“lub”); associated with the closure of the mitral and tricuspid heart valves and the beginning of systole. |
| S2 | Second heart sound (“dub”); associated with the closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves and the beginning of diastole. |
| S3 | Extra heart sound that occurs immediately after the S2; also known as ventricular gallop. |
| S4 | Heart sound that occurs immediately before the S1 heart sound and is common in patients who have left ventricular hypertrophy and coronary artery disease; also known as an atrial gallop |
| sinus bradycardia | Normal heart rate in rhythm with a slow rate of 60 beats/minute or less. |
| sinus tachycardia | Benign arrhythmia that usually involves a heart rate of 100 beats/minute or more. |
| 12 lead ECG | ECG procedure used for diagnosing dysrhythmias, myocardial infarction, and ischemia; also records cardiac electrical activity. |
| BUN | Blood chemistry level reflective of the state of the patient’s renal functioning; also measured with BUN. |
| cardiac catheterization | Invasive procedure used to visualize the coronary arteries. |
| cardiac enzymes | Lab tests that are used in combination with other diagnostic tests to diagnose a myocardial infarction. |
| cardiac stress testing | Noninvasive test used to evaluate how the cardiovascular system responds to stress. |
| central venous pressure | Reflection of the pressure found in the right atrium and right ventricle. |
| continual ECG monitoring | ECG procedure implemented for patients who are at a high risk for developing a dysrhythmia that may occur in critical care settings or on units equipped with telemetry. |
| creatinine | Blood chemistry level reflective of the state of the patient’s renal functioning; also measured with BUN. |
| echocardiography | Painless, noninvasive ultrasound testing of the heart that produces pictures of cardiac motion |
| electrocardiograpgy (ECG) | Diagnostic test that produces tracings that measure the electrical forces of the heart |
| hemodynamic monitoring | Invasive procedure that is used to measure and evaluate the critically ill patient’s hemodynamic status. |
| Holter monitoring | ECG procedure that involves continuous ambulatory monitoring for approximately twenty-four to forty-eight hours during normal patient activity |
| international normalized ration (INR) | Coagulation study that is the standardized method of reporting PT to eliminate laboratory variations. |
| interaarterial blood pressure measurement | Measurement taken from readings obtained by inserting an arterial catheter into an axillary, radial, or brachial artery. |
| partial thromboplastin time (PTT) | Coagulation study used to monitor patients receiving heparin therapy. |
| pharmacologic stress testing | Test that stimulates the heart and mimics the effects of exercise. |
| prothrombin time (PT) | Coagulation study used to monitor patients receiving warfarin. |
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