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gross 2.1 - PCC
Gross 2 - First lecture exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Motor innervation to the muscles of facial expression are via what? | Branches of the facial nerve |
| Sensory innervation to the face is via what nerve? | Branches of the trigeminal |
| What are the 3 divisions of the trigeminal? | 1. Ophthalmic 2. Maxillary 3. Mandibular |
| Ophthalmic nerve | Face and scalp |
| Maxillary nerve | Cheek and area lateral to the orbit |
| Mandibular nerve | Chin and temporal region |
| What are the subdivisions of the ophthalmic nerve? | 1. Supraorbital 2. Supratrochlear 3. External nasal 4. Infratrochlear 5. Lacrimal |
| What are the subdivisions of the maxillary nerve? | 1. Zygomaticotemporal 2. Zygomaticofacial 3. Infraorbital |
| What are the subdivisions of the mandibular nerve? | 1. Auriculotemporal 2. Buccal 3. Mental |
| Trigeminal neuralgia aka what? | Tic Doloureaux |
| Condition characterized by sudden attacks of severe pain occuring in an area of sensory distribution of the trigeminal nerve? | Trigeminal neuralgia |
| What nerves are most commonly to least commonly affected in trigeminal neuralgia? | 1. Maxillary 2. Mandibular 3. Ophthalmic |
| The sensory innervation of the posterior aspect of the neck and scalp is from what? | The dorsal primary rami of cervical nerves 2 and 4 |
| Which nerve supplies the occipital region? | Greater occipital nerve (dorsal primary rami of C2) |
| Which nerve supplies the upper part of the back of the neck? | Occipitalis tertius or third occipital nerve (C3) |
| Which nerve supplies the lower part of the back of the neck? | Dorsal primary ramus of C4 |
| What is unique of C1 spinal nerve? | Strictly motor |
| What forms the cervical plexus? | Formed by the ventral primary rami of C1, C2, C3 and C4 |
| What do C5, C6, C7 and C8 supply? | Sensory innervation to the skin of the upper limb |
| What are the 4 branches of the cervical plexus? | 1. Lesser occipital (C2) 2. Greater auricular (C2, C3) 3. Transverse Cervical (C2, C3) 4. SUpraclavicular (C3, C4) |
| Which nerve supplies the lateral part of the occipital region, posterior to the ear? | Lesser occipital nerve (C2) |
| Which nerve supplies the angle of the mandible and the area inferior to the ear and accompanies the external jugular vein? | Great auricular nerve (C2, C3) |
| Which nerve supplies the anterior surface of the neck? | Transverse Cervical Nerve (C2, C3) |
| Which nerve supplies the lateral surface of the neck? | Supraclavicular Nerve (C3, C4) |
| What are the subdivisions of the supraclavicular nerve? | 1. Medial Supraclavicular 2. Intermediate Supraclavicular 3. Lateral Supraclavicular |
| What are the motor branches of the cervical plexus? | 1. Ansa cervicalis 2. Phrenic nerve |
| The motor fibers of the cervical plexus go where? | Infrahyoid (strap) muscles |
| What are the parts of the ansa cervicalis? | 1. Superior root = descendens hypoglossi 2. Inferior root = descendens cervicalis |
| What muscles do the ansa cervicalis supply? | Sternohyoid, sternothyroid, omohyoid |
| The infrahyoid muscle, thyrohyoid, receives its innervation from where? | Exclusively from C1 fibers through the hypoglossal nerve |
| Where does the phrenic nerve originate? | C3, C4 and C5 |
| The phrenic nerve is sensory to what and motor to what? | Sensory = membranes of the thorax and abdomen Motor = Diaphragm |
| The phrenic muscle runs anterior to what muscle? | Anterior scalene |
| The platysma - O | Superficial fascia over the pec major and deltoid |
| Platysma - I | Lower body of mandible and angle of the mouth |
| Platysma - N | Cervical branch of the facial nerve (CN 7) |
| Platysma - Function | Depresses the mandible and draws down the corner of the mouth |
| SCM - O | Sternal head from the manubrium, clavicular head from the medial third of the clavicle |
| SCM - I | Lateral surface of mastoid process, lateral half of the superior nuchal line |
| SCM - N | Accessory nerve (CN 11) |
| SCM - Function | Chief flexor of the head |
| Torticollis aka what? | Wryneck |
| What is torticollis? | Pathological contraction of SCM |
| What are the clinical features of torticollis? | The head is tilted toward and the face away from the effected side |
| What are the different types of torticollis? | 1. Congenital - results from a fibrous tissue tumor which dev shortly after birth 2. Muscular - Birth injury 3. Spasmotic - Occurs in adults and is due to abnormal tonicity |
| Trapezius - O | EOC, ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of the seventh cervical and all thoracic vertebrae |
| Trapezius - I | Lateral third of the clavicle, spine of scapula, acromion process |
| Trapezius - N | Accessory nerve - CN 11 and C3 and C4 from cervical plexus |
| Trapezius - Functions | The upper portion elevates, the middle portion retracts and the lower portion depresses the scapula |
| What does the external jugular blood drain? | Blood from the face and scalp |
| The external jugular vein is formed immediately below the ___ by the union of the ___. | 1. Parotid gland 2. Retromandibular Vein and Posterior Auricular Vein |
| Where does the EJV empty? | Subclavian Vein |
| The EJV passes on the lateral side of what muscle? | SCM |
| What are the tributaries to the EJV? | 1. Retromandibular Vein 2. Posterior Auricular Vein 3. Posterior external jugular vein 4. Anterior jugular Vein 5. Transverse Cervical Vein 6. Suprascapular Vein |
| In what circumstance do you get a prominent external jugular vein? | 1. Congestive heart failure or obstruction of the superior vena cava |
| In what population can you see a more prominent external jugular vein? | 1. Opera singers 2. Bagpipe player |
| Superficial cervical lymph nodes can be found where? | Along the external jugular jugular vein, superficial to the SCM |
| Boundaries of the posterior triangle | Anterior = post boundary of the SCM Posterior = ant border of the trapezius Inferior = Superior border of the neck of the middle third of the clavicle |
| Boundaries of the anterior triangle | Posterior = ant border of SCM Anterior = ant midline Superior = Inferior border of the mandible |
| The apex of the anterior triangle lies inferiorly at what? | Jugular notch |
| Subdivisions of the anterior triangle | 1. Submental triangle 2. Submandibular (digastric) triangle 3. Carotid triangle 4. Muscular triangle |
| Boundaries of submental triangle | Left and right anterior bellies of digastric and the body of the hyoid bone. |
| Contents of the submental triangle | Minor veins and lymph nodes |
| Which of the anterior triangle is the only one not to be paired? | Submental |
| What forms the floor of the submental triangle? | Mylohyoid muscle |
| Boundaries of the submandibular triangle | Inferior border of the mandible, the anterior belly of the digastric and the posterior belly of the digastric |
| What composes the floor of the submandibular triangle? | Myohyoid and Hyoglossus muscle |
| What is the content of the submandibular triangle? | 1. Submandibular gland 2. Internal carotid artery 3. Facial artery 4. Internal jugular vein 5. Glossopharyngeal nerve 6. Vagus nerve |
| Boundaries of the carotid triangle | Posterior boundary of digastric muscle, superior belly of omohyoid and the anterior border of SCM |
| Floor of the carotid triangle | 1. Portion of the thyrohyoid 2. Hyoglossus 3. Middle constrictor muscles |
| Contents of the carotid triangle | 1. Parts of the common and internal carotid arteries 2. External carotid artery and 3 of its branches (superior thyroid, lingual and facial) |
| Boundaries of the muscular triangle | Superior belly of omohyoid, anterior midline of the neck and the anterior border of SCM |
| Floor of the muscular triangle | Posterior layer of the pretracheal fascia |
| Contents of the muscular triangle | 1. Sternohyoid muscles 2. Sternothyroid muscles 3. Thyroid gland 4. Trachea 5. Esophagus |
| What bone is located between the mandible and the larynx? | Hyoid |
| Parts of the hyoid | 1. Body 2. Greater Cornu 3. Lesser Cornu |
| Infrahyoid muscle AKA what? | Strap muscles |
| What is the primary function of the infrahyoid muscles? | Move the hyoid bone and larynx |
| What are the infrahyoid muscles? | 1. Omohyoid 2. Sternohyoid 3. Sternothyroid 4. Thyrohyoid |
| What makes up the deep layer of the infrahyoid muscles? | Sternothyroid and Thyrohyoid |
| What makes up the superficial layer of the infrahyoid muscles? | Omohyoid and Sternohyoid |
| Omohyoid - O, I, N, Function | O - Inferior belly of omohyoid originated from the upper border of the scpa. The superior belly originates from the intermediate tendon of SCM I - Body of hyoid N - Ansa Cervicalis F - Depresses hyoid bone and larynx |
| Sternohyoid - O, I, N, Function | O - Posterior surface of manubrium and medial end of clavical I - Body of hyoid N - Ansa Cervicalis F - Depresses hyoid and larynx |
| Sternothyroid - O, I, N, Function | O - Posterior surface of manubrium and inferior to the origin of sternohyoid I - Oblique line on the lamina of the thyroid cartilage N - Ansa cervicalis F - Depresses the larynx |
| Thyrohyoid - O, I, N, Function | O - Oblique line on the lamina of the thyroid cartilage I - Body of hyoid bone N - C1 through hypoglossal nerve F - Depresses hyoid bone |
| Why all the muscles to depress the hyoid bone and the larynx? | 1. Swallowing 2. Breathing 3. Speech 4. If the hyoid bone is fixed, digastric muscle depresses the mandible |
| What are the four parts of the deep cervical fascia? | 1. Investing layer of the deep cervical fascia 2. Pretracheal fascia 3. Prevertebral fascia 4. Carotid sheath |
| A thin layer of connective tissue which encloses the platysma muscle, and contains cutaneous nerves, superficial veins and lymph nodes | Superficial cervical fascia |
| This layer of fascia lies deep to the superficial cervical fascia and splits to enclose the SCM and trap | Investing layer of the deep cervical fascia |
| This layer of fascia encloses the thyroid gland, trachea and esophagus | Pretracheal fascia |
| This layer of fascia encloses the vertebral column and the deep muscles of the back | Prevertebral fascia |
| This layer of fascia is a cylinder which extends from the base of the skull to the root of the neck | Carotid Sheath |
| What is the content of the carotid sheath? | 1. Common carotid artery 2. Internal carotis artery 3. Internal jugular vein 4. Vagus nerve 5. Deep cervical lymph nodes |
| What is the function of the fascial layers? | Provides a slippery surface to reduce friction during swallowing and during gross movements of the head and neck |
| What is the clinical significance of the facial layers? | May serve as a channel for infection spreading from the head and neck to the mediastinum directly. Cancer of the deep cervical lymph nodes can also compress the internal jugular vein |
| The ___ is the opening through which structures of the neck pass into the thorax. | Thoracic inlet |
| What are the boundaries of the thoracic inlet? | 1. First thoracic vertebra 2. First ribs and their cartilages 3. Manubrium sterni |
| The thoracic inlet in __ shaped. | Kidney |
| Which arteries pass through the thoracic inlet? | 1. Brachicephalic trunk 2. Left Common Carotid Artery 3. Left Subclavian Artery 4. Internal Thoracic Artery |
| Which veins pass through the thoracic inlet? | Brachiocephalic vein |
| Which nerves pass through the thoracic inlet? | 1. Phrenic 2. Vagus 3. Reccurent Laryngeal 4. Sympathetic Trunk |
| What viscera passes through the thoracic inlet? | 1. Trachea 2. Esophagus 3. Cervical Pleura 4. Apex of Lung 5. Thymus |
| The thymus is part of the __ system. It produces ___. | 1. Immune 2. Lymphocytes |
| The thymus is composed of __ irregular lobes and it lies primarily ____. | 1. 2 2. Behind the manubrium and body of sternum |
| Where does the thymus lie in relation to the thyroid gland? | Inferior |
| The sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles lie where in relation to the thymus and thyroid gland? | Anterior |
| What is the innervation of the thymus? | The stellate ganglion of the sympathetic trunk and vagus nerve |
| Blood supply to thymus | Internal thoracic artery |
| What does the thyroid gland produce? | Thyroxine and Calcitonin |
| At what level does the thyroid gland lie? | C5 through T1 |
| What shape is the thyroid gland and what are its components? | H-shapped or U-shapped, Left lobe, Right lobe and Isthmus |
| What is the most common variation of the thyroid gland? | Pyramidial lobe |
| What is another common variation of the thyroid gland and what does it connect? | 1. Levator glandulae thyroidea muscle 2. Connects the isthmus of the thyroid gland to the hyoid bone |
| What are the arteries that supply blood to the thyroid gland? | 1. Superior thyroid artery 2. Inferior thyroid artery |
| What is the name of the inconsistant branch of the thyroid gland that comes off the brachiocephalic trunk? | Ateria Thyroidea Ima |
| What are the veins associated with the thyroid gland? | 1. Superior thyroid vein 2. Middle thyroid vein 3. Inferior thyroid vein |
| What is the innervation of the thyroid gland? | Superior, middle and inferior cervical sympathetic trunk |
| What is an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland which will produce an anterior swelling of the neck? | Goiter |
| What are the 2 diffrent kinds of goiters? | 1. Endemic Goiter 2. Exophthalmic Goiter |
| This goiter is due to a deficientcy in iodine therefor active thyroxine cannot be produced. | Endemic Goiter |
| What are the symptoms of an endemic goiter characteristic of? | Hypothyroidism |
| What type of goiter is due to an autoimmune disease? | Exophthalmic Goiter |
| Is an exophthalmic goiter characterised by hypo or hyperthyroidism? | Hyperthyroidism |
| What is another term for hyperthyroidism? | Grave's disease |
| The parathyroid glands are endocrine glands envolved in what? | Calcium homeostasis |
| These are small ovoid bodies on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. | Parathyroid Glands |
| How many parathyroid glands? | 2 to 6, usually 4 |
| What is the blood supply to the parathyroid glands? | 1. Inferior Thyroid Artery 2. Superior Thyroid Artery |
| What is the innervation to the parathyroid glands? | Inferior or middle cervical sympathetic ganglia |
| What are the factors that could contribute to the difficulty of thyroid surgery? | 1. Vascularity 2. Parathyroid glands 3. Recurrent laryngeal nerve |
| This begins at the larynx at the level of C what? | C6 |
| How are the walls of the trachea supported? | By a series of incomplete cartilaginous rings which are open posteriorly |
| What spans the posterior gap of the C rings of the trachea? | Trachealis muscle |
| What is the innervation of the trachea? | Recurrent laryngeal nerve |
| What connects the pharynx to the stomach? | Esophagus |
| At what level does the esophagus begin? | C6 |
| Where does the esophagus lie in relation to the trachea? | Posterior |
| These are the main arteries of the head and neck. | Left and Right common carotid arteries |
| What artery ascends with the carotid sheath to the carotid triangle? | Common carotid artery |
| What are the 2 branches of the common carotid artery? | 1. Internal Carotid 2. External Carotid |
| This artery has no branches in the neck and enters the skull through the carotid canal in order to supply blood to the brain. | Internal Carotid Artery |
| This artery is the main source of blood to the structures of the neck, face and scalp. | External Carotid Artery |
| What are the 8 branches of the external carotid artery? | 1. Sup Thyroid A. 2. Ascending Pharyngeal A. 3. Lingual A. 4. Facial A. 5. Occipital A. 6. Post Auricular A. 7. Superficial Temporal A. 8. Maxillary A. |
| The superficial temporal artery and maxillary artery represent the terminal branches of what artery? | External Carotid A. |
| This is a slight dillation of the internal carotid artery where is joins the common carotid. | Carotid Sinus |
| What type of receptors can be found in the carotid sinus? | Baroreceptors |
| What is the innervation of the carotid sinus? | Carotid Sinus N. |
| This is a small redish-brown mass located within or deep to the bifurcation of the common carotid artery. | Carotid Body |
| What type of receptors can be found in the carotid body? | Chemoreceptors |
| What is the innervation of the carotid body? | Glossopharyngeal N. |
| What are the 2 major veins of the neck? | Internal and External Jugular Veins |
| Which of the 2 major veins of the neck is the largest? | Internal Jugular Vein |
| In which vein does the internal jugular vein drain? | Brachicephalic Vein |
| What is the dilation of the internal jugular vein at its origin below the jugular foramen? | Superior Jugular Bulb |
| What are the tributaries of the internal jugular vein? | 1. Inf Petrosal Sinus 2. Pharyngeal Veins 3.Facial Veins 4. Lingual Veins 5. Sup Thyroid Vein 6. Middle Thyroid Vein |
| What is the dilation of the internal jugular vein near its termination into the brachiocephalic vein? | Inferior Jugular Bulb |
| What are the branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN 11)? | 1. Tympanic N 2. Branch to the Carotid Sinus 3. Pharyngeal Branch 4. Branch to the Stylopharyngeus 5. Tonsillar Branch 6. Lingual Branch |
| This nerve is sensory to the tympanic cavity and secretomotor to the parotid gland. | Tympanic Nerve |
| This nerve is sensory to both carotid sinus and carotid body. | Branch to the carotid sinus of the glossopharyngeal n. |
| What is the branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve which unite branches from the vagus and the sympathetic trunk? | Pharyngeal Branch of the Glossopharyngeal N. |
| This nerve is motor to the stylopharyngeal muscle. | Branch to the Stylopharyngeus of the glossopharyngeal N. |
| This nerve is sensory to the mucous membrane over the tonsils and to the soft palate. | Tonsillar Branch of the Glossopharyngeal N |
| This nerve supplies taste and general sensation to the posterior third of the tongue. | Lingual Branch of the Glossopharyngeal N. |
| This is the longest cranial nerve and it has extensive distribution in the head, neck, thorax and abdomen. | Vagus Nerve |
| What are the 2 ganglia associated with the vagus nerve? | 1. Superior (Jugular) Ganglion 2. Inferior (Nodose) Ganglion |
| What are the major branches of the vagus in the head and neck? | 1. Meningeal Branch 2. Pharyngeal Branch 3. Auricular Branch 4. Superior Laryngeal Branch 5. Recurrent Laryngeal Branch |
| This branch of the vagus arrises from the superior ganglion and it supplies the dura mater with sensory innervations. | Meningeal Branch |
| This branch of the vagus arrises from the superior ganglion and it is sensory to the auricle, the floor of the external auditory meatus and the tympanic membrane. | Auricular Branch |
| This branch of the vagus is the cheif motor nerve to the muscles of the pharynx and soft palate. | Pharyngeal Branch |
| What is the only pharyngeal muscle not supplied by the pharyngeal plexus? | Stylopharyngeus |
| The pharyngeal plexus supplies all the muscles to the soft palate except which one? | Tensor Veli Palatini |
| From what ganglion arrises the superior laryngeal nerve? | Inferior Ganglion |
| What are the divisions of the superior laryngeal nerve? | 1. Internal Laryngeal Nerve 2. External Laryngeal Nerve |
| The branch of the superior laryngeal nerve which is sensory to the mucous membrane of the larynx superior to the true vocal cords. | Internal laryngeal nerve |
| The branch of the superior laryngeal nerve that is motor to the cricothyroid muscle. | External laryngeal nerve |
| This nerve arises from the vagus within the thorax and the ascends back into the neck through the groove between the trachea and the esophagus and is closely applied to the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. | Recurrent laryngeal nerve |
| This nerve is sensory to the mucous membrane of the larynx below the true vocal folds and to the trachea. | Recurrent laryngeal nerve |
| This nerve is motor to all the muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid. | Recurrent laryngeal nerve |
| What happens when you have unilateral or bilateral damage to the reccurent laryngeal nerve? | Uni = Respiratory distress and partial aphonia Bilat = Complete aphonia and can result in suffucation |
| What can cause damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve? | 1. Trauma during thyroid surgery 2. Goiter or thyroid tumor 3. Lung tumor 4. Aortic aneurism - Left side only! |
| What forms the accessory nerve? | 1. Cranial part : originates from MO 2. Spinal part: originates from spinal cord |
| The spinal part of the accessory nerve ascends through the ___ and joins the cranial part for a short distance. | Foramen magnum |
| What does the pharyngeal branch of the vagus innervate? | Muscles to the soft palate and the pharynx |
| What does the recurrent laryngeal nerve innervates? | Muscles to the larynx |
| The __ part of the accessory nerve is motor to the SCM and ___ muscle. | 1. Spinal 2. Trapezius |
| Motor nerve to the tongue | Hypoglossal Nerve |
| Where does the hypoglossal nerve originate and where does it exit? | Originates from the MO and exits through the hypoglossal canal |
| What are the branches of the hypoglossal nerve? | 1. Meningeal branches 2. Superior root of the ansa cervicalis 3. Nerves to the thyrohyoid and geniohyoid 4. Lingual branches |
| What part of the hypoglossal nerve supplies the dura mater? | Meningeal branches |
| Which part of the hypoglossal nerve consists mainly of C1 fibers and unites with the descendens cervicalis? | Superior root of ansa cervicalis aka descendens hypoglossi |
| Which branch of the hypoglossal nerve consists of C1 fibers and are motor to the thyrohyoid and geniohyoid muscles? | Nerves to the thyrohyoid and geniohyoid |
| Which branch of the hypoglossal nerve is motor to the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue? | Lingual branches |
| From where does the preganglionic sympathetic fibers of the cervical part of the sympathetic trunk originate? | T1 to T3 |
| What are the major branches of the cervical part of the sympathetic trunk? | 1. Superior cervical ganglion 2. Middle cervical ganglion 3. Vertebral ganglion 4. Cervicothoracic (stellate) ganglion |
| What are the branches from the superior cervical ganglgion? | 1. Internal carotid nerve 2. Superior cervical cardiac nerve 3. Branches to the pharyngeal plexus |
| What is the nerve that is sympathetic to everything in the skull? | Internal carotid nerve |
| The middle cervical cardiac nerve is a branch of what? | The middle cervical ganglion of the cervical part of the sympathetic trunk |
| What 2 ganglia fuse to form the cervicothoracic ganglion? | Inferior cervical ganglion and the first thoracic ganglion |
| What branch comes off the cervicothoracic ganglion? | Inferior cervical cardiac nerve |
| What is the nerve bundle which loops anterior to the subclavian artery, connecting the vertebreal ganglion to the cervicothoracic ganglion? | Ansa subclavia |
| The ansa subclavia supplies the ___ and travels with the ___é | 1. Upper extremity 2. Brachial plexus |
| This region is located between the body of the mandible and the hyoid bone. | Submandibular region |
| Parts of the mandible. | 1. Body 2. Alveolar Process 3. Ramus 4. Angle 5. Condylar Process 6. Coronoid Process |
| What is TMJ syndrome? | Misalignment of the TMJ joint. |
| What are the features of the internal (lingual)surface of the mandible? | 1. Sup mental spine (sup genial tubercle) 2. Inferior mental spine (inferior genial tubercle) 3. Digastric fossa 4. Mylohyoid line 5. Sublingual fossa 6. Submandibular fossa |
| What are the suprahyoid muscles and extrinsic muscles of the tongue? | 1. Digastric muscle 2. Mylohyoid muscle 3. Geniohyoid muscle 4. Genioglossus muscle 5. Hypoglossus muscle 6. Styloglosuss 7. Stylohyoid |
| Digastric muscle - origin | Posterior belly = mastoid process Anterior belly = Digastric foss |
| Digastric muscle - insertion | Bothe bellies insert into the hyoid bone by an intermediate tendon. The tendon is strapped to the hyoid bon by a fibrous loop |
| Digastric muscle - Nerve and Function | Nerve: Posterior belly = cervical branch of facial nerve Anterior belly = nerves to the mylohyoid (CN 5) |
| Mylohyoid - O, I, N, Function | O - myohyloid line I - Body of hyoid bone, median raphe N - Nerve to mylohyoid (CN 5) F - Elevates hyoid bone and floor of the mouth |
| Geniohyoid - O, I, N, Function | O - Inferior genial tubercle I - Body of hyoid bone N - C1 fibers through hypoglossal F - Elevates hyoid bone and tongue (swallowing) |
| Genioglossus - O, I, N, F | O - Superior genial tubercle I - Tip and entire undersurface of tongue F - Draws tongue forward, protrudes tip of tongue |
| Hyoglossus - O, I, N, F | O - Body and great horn of hyoid bone I - Sides of tongue N - Hypoglossal F - Draws tongue down |
| Styloglossus - OINF | O - Styloid process I - Sides of tongue N 0 Hypoglossal F - Draws tongue up and back |
| Stylohyoid - OINF | O - Styloid process I - Body of hyoid N - Facial F - Elevates hyoid bone and tongue |
| What are the parts of the submandibular gland and where do they lie? | 1. Superficial part - In the submandibular triangle and in the submandibular fossa 2. Deep part - lies superior to the mylohyoid muscle |
| What duct opens into the oral cavity on the sublingual papilla? | Submandibular aka Wharton's duct |
| What is the innervation of the submandibular gland? | Parasympathetic fibers from the facial nerve via the submandibular ganglion |
| Which is the smallest of the 3 major salivary gland? | Sublingual gland |
| Where does the sublingual gland lie and where does it empty? | It lies superior to the mylohyoid in the sublingual fossa. It empties into the floor of the mouth via 12 ducts |
| Innervation of the sublingual gland | Fibers from the facial nerve via the submandibular ganglion |
| Nerves found within the submandibular region include the what? | 1. Lingual 2. Glossopharyngeal 3. Hypoglossal |
| Blood vessels found within the submandibular region include the what? | 1. Lingual artery and vein 2. Facial artery and vein |
| Lymph nodes found in the submandibular region include the what? | Submandibular lymph nodes |
| What are the functions of the nasal cavity? | 1. Provide an airway 2. Olfaction 3. Warming and moitening of inspired air 4. Cleansing of inspired air |
| What are the boundaries of the nasal cavity? | Ant = Nostrils Post = Choanae Midline = Nasal Septum |
| The posterior apertures of the nasal cavity which opens into the nasopharynx. | Choanae |
| The external nose consists of what? | 1. Tip 2. Bridge or Root - connects nose to forehead 3. Nares 4. Alae - bound the nares latterally |
| The roof of the nasal cavity is formed by what? | 1. Nasal bone 2. Frontal bone 3. Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone 4. Body of the sphenoid bone |
| The floor of the nasal bone is formed by what? | Palatine part of the maxilla and the horizontal part of the palatine bone (hard palate) |
| The medial wall aka nasal septum is formed by what? | Septial cartilage, Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone and the vomer |
| If your septum does not lie within the median plane throughout its lenght you have a what? | Deviated septum |
| What are the causes for a deviated septum? | 1. Congenital malformation 2. Birth injury 3. Trauma |
| The ___ wall of the nasal cavity is formed by the nasal bone, ethmoid bone, lacrimal, inferior nasal concha, palatine and sphenoid | Lateral |
| The lateral wall of the nasal cavity is characterized by a series of projections names what? | Conchae |
| True or false: all conchae arrise from the ethmoid? | False, inferior nasal conchae arrises from a seperate bone. |
| A small space located abouve and behind the superior nasal conchae that receives the opening for the sphenoid sinus? | Sphenoethmoidal recess |
| The space below the superior nasal conchae which receives the opening of the posterior ethmoidal air cells. | Superior meatus |
| The space that receives the opening for the frontal sinus, the maxiallary sinus, the middle ethmoidal air cells and the anterior ethmoidal air cells | Middle meatus |
| A rounded projection into the middle meatus. The middle ethmoidal air cells open onto this structure. | Ethmoidal bulla |
| A curved slit lying below the ethmoidal bulla withing the middle meatus. | Haitus semilunaris |
| What opens into the hiatus semilunaris? | Anterior ethmoidal air cells and maxillary sinus |
| What receives the opening of the nasolacrimal duct? | Inferior meatus |
| What connects the lacrimal sac of the orbit to the nasal cavity? | Nasolacrimal duct |
| What is another term for the loss of smell? | Anosmia |
| The area just inside each nostril. Contains hair, sevaceous glands and sweat glands | Vestibule |
| The superior nasal conchae and the upper one third of the nasal septum make up what region? | Olfactory region |
| Which nerve fibers pass through the olfactory region? | Olfactory Nerve |
| From what branches does the olfactory region receive its sensory innervation? | Maxillary and Ophthalmic of the trigeminal |
| What is the primary blood supply to the nasal cavity? | 1. Sphenooakatine branch of the maxillary 2. Anterior ethmoidal branch of the ophthalmic |
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