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REHS: Chemistry
Periodic Elements; Hazmat; Radiation; etc.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Sodium, Potassium, Lithium have these in common and this Periodic Table grouping. | In pure form, the elements spontaneously ignite in moist air, one in heated, dry air too; w/moderate-high explosive potential;All are 'Alkaline Metals'.(Barium+Strontium dust 'Alkaline Earth'+Zinc foil/dust'Transitional Metal'can also ignite spontaneously |
| Radioactive isotopes of these elements are used in medical tracer studies. | Potassium, Sodium, Barium |
| Name the disease caused by inhalation of metallic dust/fume particles. What particular disease names are associated with 1.Barium, 2.Beryllium and 3.Iron respectively? | Pneumonitis=inflammation of the lungs; Baritosis occurs from metal #1; Cyanosis(blue discoloration of skin/mucous membrane from lack of oxygen)also occurs with metal #2; Siderosis if Metal #3. |
| Name two uses for radioactive cobalt. | This element is 1. used as a cancer treatment in medicine; and, 2. an irradiation tool in cold pasteurization |
| What are the hazards of radioactive strontium (Sr89 and Sr90) and what is its historical significance? | "Bone-seeking." Collects in the bones; heavy/drops to ground, stays in grass and ends up in milk; occurred in areas around Chernobyl and Hiroshima/Nagasaki. |
| What happens when copper piping is used for soda machine lines? | Soda water (carbonic acid) in lines reacts with this metal, solutionizes it to high levels; causes chemical food poisoning w/i 1-2 hrs. Symptoms: nausea, headache, vomiting. Lines for this process are now plastic. |
| Name the organic-metal compound used in plastics stabilizing and toxicity affects the liver, kidneys, lungs and central nervous system. What is the name of the condition? | Organotins (Tin) affects these organs; Stanosis |
| This element is used in plating & soldering, to coat copper pans & wire, line lead pipe for distilled water, beer, carbonated drinks, cans | Tin (St=stannum) |
| Industrial waste in copper & lead smelters (alloy additive), this element is a known carcinogen/teratogen; causes dermatitis, highly toxic by ingestion or inhalation; OSHA employee exposure standard is 10 micrograms per cubic meter air. | Characteristics of Arsenic |
| Soluble compounds of this element are highly toxic but a strong emetic, reducing hazard by ingestion; used to control nuclear fission reactions in atomic energy; poisoning causes kidney & testes necrosis, vomiting/diarrhea/cramps; pnuemonitis/emphysema | Characteristics of Cadmium |
| This element resists corrosion; poor electrical conductor; non-combustible; good sound & vibration absorber; relatively impenetrable to radiation; a cumulative poison when ingested or dust/fumes inhaled. | Characteristics of Lead |
| What is the tolerance limit for lead dust and fumes in air, the EPA standard for Lead in ambient air, FDA limit for lead in foods, and in house paints? | Tolerance of 0.15 mg per cubic meter air; 1.5 micrograms (0.0015 mg) per cu.meter in ambient air; 0% in foods; 0.05% in house coatings. |
| Exposure to this element has caused spastic and psychological symptoms; improves hardness & corrosion resistance in alloys/welding applications. | Manganese |
| This element exists in lumps/granules/ powder, in carbon-iron complex, or pure crystals; exists in active & passive states(valences); in highest valence or acid causes skin/tissue ulcers, affects nasal septum; bronchogenic (bronchus/bronchiole carcinoma) | Characteristics of Chromium |
| This poisoning occurs most in children under age 7 -high danger under age 2; main routes respiratory & oral/ingest from old housing/dirt/dust-not thru skin; cumulatively collects in bone/teeth most, also brain+organs;affects red blood cells,esp.if anemic. | Characteristics of Lead Poisoning |
| This condition can bring on seizures, incoordination, bizarre behavior, coma and death from high levels of the element in blood. | Symptoms of Lead Encephalopathy |
| What is prevalence (%) lead (Pb)in adults v. children;the max daily limits in adult v child;avg urban blood conc. in adults & action levels in child; how treated? | Found in 0-3% adults/5-25% children; Max. 500 v. 100-300 ug/dl/day; avg blood levels 5-10ug/dl adult;Child levels:monitor @ 10-15, subclinical 20-35 ug/dl;mod/high tox @>35ug/dl-start EDTA Chelation |
| When was lad paint banned in interior/ext. house paint? What tool is used to assess on-site lead conc in paint? | Banned in 1972; X-ray Fluorescence Refractor (XFR) |
| Metallic form highly toxic via skin & heated-fume/vapor inhaling; all inorg. & most org cmpds highly tox, inclu ingestion;tolerance=0.05mg/cu.meter air;bacteria in H2O converts inorg to methyl_;Liquid aka quicksilver | Characteristics of Mercury (Hg, hydrgyrum) |
| Poisoning hazards from overexposure include gastrointestinal impairmt, inflamed mouth & gums, central nervous symptom tremors, psychological symptoms, mental retardation in children | Symptoms of Mercury poisoning |
| This element destroys the natural bacterial flora in sewage wastewater treatment process, so very important to notify treatment plant of releases. | Mercury spills. |
| This caused 1.severe birth defects in 1950's in Minamata, Japan, and caused 2.'Mad Hatter's Disease" in Europe. | 1. historical result of consumption of mercury-contaminated fish from industrially polluted bay; 2. disease from historical use of Hg in "felt" (and fur)product manufacturing. |
| Class of magnesium-silicate minerals, inclu. chrysotile (Serpentine type), amosite, anthophyllite & actinolite (Amphibole type), used in bldg materials- insulation, roof/floor/ceiling tiles; brake linings;fire-resist clothes; from 1920-late 1970's. | Derivation & uses of asbestos; date range of extensive use of asbestos |
| 3 conditions caused by chronic inhalation &/or ingestion of Asbestos fibers (first si abestosis-what is it?); OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit-Time-weighted Avg (PEL-TWA) | 1. Scarring of the lungs from inhalation of these fibers, 2.Lung Cancer, 3. Mesothelioma: cancer caused when fibers penetrate lung or intestinal tract,lodges in mesothelium, the lining of body cavities & organs; 0.2 fibers/cc of >5 u (microns) in length |
| Acute hazards:Eye & repiratory irritant,headache,convulsions, throat edema; Chronic:Central nervous system-mental depression,nervous,weakness,>perspiration;garlic odor/taste;gastrointestinal,kidney,liver disorder;has photo-voltaic properties | Characterisitics of Selenium/Selenium poisoning (Note; Most forms of selenium have low toxicity) |
| sed as meat preserver contra botulism;aka 'malicious food additive'-possible stomach carcinogen,causes Blue Baby Syndrome-gives off colorful metallic sheen;found in fertilizer,sewage;pollutant in runoff | Uses & Characteristics of Nitrates & nitrate poisoning |
| Group of organic compounds with straight or branched chains; 3 subgroups: 1. saturated & <reactive,2.unsaturated (dbl bonds)& >reactive, can be asphixiants/anesthetics), 3. have a triple bond, highly reactive | Characteristics of Aliphatics: 1.Alkanes (Parrafins)(branched chains make better gasoline), 2.Alkenes & alkadienes (Olefins), 3. Alkynes (Acetylenes) |
| Group of cyclic (rings), unsaturated hydrocarbons that give off a strong odor. Give a common example. What are the hazards? | Aromatics; Benzene (also Toluene);Acute=respiratory & skin irritation; Chronic: known carcinogen,central nervous system depression. |
| Halogenated aromatics usually contain which halogens? What are sources and hazards? Name the ight oil used to cool transformers. | These incorporate usually Chlorine (Cl) or Bromine (Br), used in pesticides, as solvents/degreasers, and power/utiliy equipment; PCB (Polychlorobiphenyls); Acute: hepatoxin, skin & eye irritant; low chronic toxicity. |
| Common exposure route=inhalation;acute hazards=visual disturbance/dbl vision,fatigue,Degreaser's Flush on face/arms(alcohol-related), Anesthetic effects @500-1000 ppm w/kidney+liver damage, heart arrhythmia;Chronic=CNS depression; No skin absorption | Characteristics of TCE (Trichloroethylene), a halogenated, aliphatic hydrocarbon |
| What are phenolics? What are the hazards? | Any of several types of synthetic, thermosetting resins (glues), obtained by condensation of the main chemical type with aldehydes, typically formaldehyde; Strong irritants,cyanotic (interrupts O2 intake causing blue-color), kidney & liver |
| What are some sources of organophosphates? What are the hazards? | Pesticides: Malathion, parathion, fenthion, diazinon; fertilizers; interfere with acetylcholinesterase enzyme, causes abdominal pain, headache, dizziness, blurred vision, tremors, contracted pupils; Antidote is Vitamin K |
| Colorless liquid or gas,w/sharp,irritating odor;lighter than air;easily liquifies w/pressure;spray bottle w/low conc+water used to I.D. Cl leak-turns from clear to milky;in fertilizers; mixed w/bleach-forms low-grade phosgene gas;Saturn rings;refrigerant | Characteristics of Ammonia (NH3) (Note:forms explosive compounds in contact w/silver or mercury) |
| Colorless gas or liquid,<>odorless;formed by icomplete comustion of fossil fuel/organics in limited O2, major air pollutant from automobiles,house contam. from gas water heater-improper burning/venting; >> flammable/explosive;flam limits in air-35ppm U.S. | Characteristics of Carbon Monoxide (CO) |
| What are the symptoms of Carbon Monoxide poisoning? | Highly toxic by inhalation; Acute: has >200x's more affinity for blood hemoglobin than O2-forms carboxyhemoglobin in body, headache,dizziness,fatigue,psychomotor impairment,death in 2 hrs-causes rosy-red cheeks; Chronic: arteriosclerosis,heart damage |
| Transparent amber liquid,very irritating odor;or dense yellow-green gas, heavier than air (3.21 g/l v. 1.29 g/l=air,don't drop to ground in release);very strong oxidizing agent;tolerance <1 ppm in air start seeing dangerous effects. | Characteristics of Chlorine (Cl) |
| What are the hazards associated with Clorine exposure? | Toxic as tissue/skin irritant & by inhalation, dangerous in contact with reducing agents such as turpentine,ether, ammonia, hydrocarbons, hydrogen & powdered metals. |
| Colorless gas, very bad odor of rotten eggs,produced by petrol oil to gasoline "cracking" process;natural waste prod. of anaerobic decomp;bi-product of natural gas safety odorant-Mercaptan. | Characterisitics of Hydrogen Sulfide. |
| What are the hazards of Hydrogen sulfide? | Toxic by inhalation, strong irritant to eyes/mucous membranes,affects olfactory nerves/sense of smell; very highly flammable, explosive limit in air 4.3-4.6% |
| Gas w/pungent odor,aka oxymethylene; polymerizes easily, commercially offered in 37-50% aqueous solution w/up to 15% methanol-inhibits polymerization;Tolerance=2ppm in air,toxic by inhalation;strong skin irritant;explosive limit 7-73%;uses: resins,embalm. | Characteristics of Formaldehyde |
| Derived from natural gas, anaerobic decay of manures,agricultural wastes, organic matter in swamps, wastewater treatment and sanitary landfills; no color/odor/taste; severe fire & explosive hazard;explosive limit 5-15% by volume in air. | Characteristics of Methane |
| Common term for oxides of nitrogen, NO, NO2 & NO3; from combustion of fossil fuels & occur naturally from what compounds in the atmosphere? What are hazards? | NOx; NH3 or N2 and O2; Irritant, can cause pulmonary edema & death. |
| What is a catalyst? In a catalytic converter,extreme heat (300F) and catalyzing noble metals convert unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide & NOx from auto emissions into what? | An agent that assists &/or accelerates a process of a chemical reaction without becoming part of the reaction. Harmless carbon dioxide & nitrogen gases and water vapor result from this process. |
| What is the chemical composition & characteristics of ozone? How is it created? | O3; slightly pungent gas; created naturally by lightening, artificially by photo-chemical smog; 0.1-1ppm causes shortness of breath,headaches,irritation,cough; >1ppm breathing may be seriously impaired; high in atmos-blocks UV rays;depleted by CFCs |
| How is acid rain formed? What is source of Sulfur oxides in atmosphere? | SOx (SO/SO2)+ O2 in air = SO3; SO3 + H2O in air + H2SO4 (Sulfuric Acid); clings to particles/droplets and falls with precipitation. |
Created by:
Hasti44
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