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Biology Chapter 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The first step of photosynthesis is: | Energy is captured from sunlight |
| The second step of photosynthesis is: | Light energy is converted to chemical energy (ATP and NADPH) |
| The third step of photosynthesis is: | ATP and NADPH power the synthesis of organic molecules |
| Thylakoids are: | Membrane bound sacs inside the chloroplast |
| Grana: | Columns of thylakoids |
| Stroma: | A fluid matrix inside a chloroplast |
| Photons: | Tiny packets of energy; light energy |
| Pigment: | A molecule containing atoms that enable it to absorb light |
| Carotenoids: | A yellow and orange plant pigment that absorbs blue and green light |
| Photosystem: | Molecule clusters containing pigments that are embedded in thylakoid membranes |
| Photosystem 1: | Boosts electrons to a higher energy state by absorbing less energetic light at 700 nanometers (red) |
| Photosystem 2: | Boosts electrons to a higher energy state by absorbing more energetic light at 680 nanometers (red-orange) |
| Electron transport chain: | A series of membrane-bound protein and pigment molecules |
| ATP Synthetase | Protein Channel that creates ATP from ADP when a proton is shoved through it |
| Chemiosmosis | Way to make ATP by using ATP synthetase and a proton (across a membrane) |
| Function of Photosynthesis | Extract Carbon from CO2 and use it to make sugars |
| reducing power | A ready supply of Hydrogen atoms (Protons) for making sugars |
| NADP+ → NADPH | A Reducing reaction that attaches a Hydrogen atom for transport |
| NADP+ | A coenzyme that transports Hydrogen atoms |
| Carbon Fixation | When enzymes use the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH to incorporate carbon atoms from carbon dioxide into organic molecules |
| Calvin Cycle | The most common carbon fixing pathway, where carbon atoms from CO2 are attached to make sugars, while regenerating the starting molecules |
| Cellular Respiration | Organism strips electrons from sugars and uses it to make ATP |
| Glycolysis | Converts a six-carbon glucose into 2 three-carbon molecules of pyruvate and a small amount of ATP and NADH |
| Acetyl-CoA | A compound that is formed by attaching coenzyme-A and acetyl group |
| Krebs Cycle | A repeating series of reactions that produce ATP, electron carriers (NADPH), and carbon dioxide from water and sugars |
| Fermentation | A process in which the electrons from glycolysis are added to organic molecules WITHOUT OXYGEN |
| aerobic | processes that require oxygen |
| anaerobic | processes that do not require oxygen |
| chlorophyll | Light-absorbing agent for photosynthesis |
| consumer | organism that gets energy from other organisms |
| crop | type of plant cultivated for use as food by humans |
| electromagnetic spectrum | the complete range of radiant energy, at all frequencies |
| food chain | series of organisms through which energy flows |
| oxidative respiration | respiration that produces lots of ATP because oxygen is available (contrast to fermentation) |
| producer | organism that converts electromagnetic energy to chemical energy |
| pyruvate | glucose is converted to this to yield a small amount of ATP and NADH in glycolosis |
| radiant energy | energy that travels in waves, and can travel through a vacuum |
| reaction center | place where electrons are boosted into higher energy states |
| CO2+H2O+light → CH2O +O2 | Photosynthesis reaction (carbon dioxide + water + light yields carbohydrates and oxygen) |
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psychoplankton
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