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Bacteriology 1

Archaea and Bacteria

QuestionAnswer
Why analyse small subunit ribosomal RNA? Genes are quite stable and changes slowly in time, not subjected to horizontal gene transfer, contain variable region(compare between close related bacteria), contain conserved region(compare between distant related bacteria)
Single species from The Archaea Archaeon
Shapes of Archaea Spherical, Rods, Spiral, Lobed, Cuboidal, Triangular, Plate shaped, Irregular, Pleomrophic
Spherical Methanococcus jannaschii
Rods Methonobacterium thermoautotrophicum
Lobed Sulfolobus acidocaldarius
Triangular Haloarcula japonicus
Irregular Pyrolobus fumarii
Arrangement Single cells, filamentous, aggregates
Single cells Methanococcus jannaschii
Filamentous Thermofilum
Aggregates Methanosarcina acetivorans
Sizes of The Archaea Diameter= 0.1 - > 15 micrometer, Filaments can up to 100mm
Multiplication of The Archaea Binary fission,Budding, Fragmentation, Other mechanisms
Physiology of The Archaea Aerobic, Facultatively anaerobic, Strictly anaerobic
Archaeal Physiological Groups Methanogenc Archaea, Archaeal sulfate reducers, Extremely halophilic Archaea, Cell wall-less Archaea, Extremely Thermophilic Sulfur Metabolisers
Methanogenc Archaea Strict anaerobes, Methane as major metabolic end product-Methanobacterium, Methanococcus, Methanomicrobium
Archaeal Sulfate Reducers Strict anaerobes, Themophilic, Gram negative, H2S formed from thiosulfate and sulfate- Archaeoglobus
Extremely Halophilic Archaea Mesophilic, Neutrophilic/Alkalophilic, Gram negative/gram positive, Most species require NaCl > 1.5M- Halobacterium, Halococcus
Cell wall-less Archaea Thermoacidophilic, Facultatively anaerobic, Pleomorphic cells lacking cell walls- Thermoplasma
Extremely Thermophilic Sulfur Metabolisers Obligate thermophilic, Gram negative, Most are S metabolisers- S reduced to H2S anaerobically, H2S/S oxidised to H2SO4 aerobically- Desulfurococcus, Pyrodictium, Pyrococcus
Nutritional types of The Archaea Photoautotrophs, Photoheterotrophs, Lithoautotrophs, Lithoheterotrophs, Chemoautotrophs, Chemoheterotrophs
Phototrophs Halobacteria
Lithotrophs Ferroglobus, Methanobacterium
Organotrophs Pyrococcus, Sulfolobus
Most Achaea are extremophiles, no archaeal pathogens known
Optimal growth temperature Psychrophiles, Mesophiles, Hyperthermophiles
hyperthermophiles Pyrolobus fumarii
acidophiles sulfolobus acidocaldarius
halophiles Haloarcula japonicus
Classification of Archaea Kor archaeota, Cren archaeota, Eury archaeota, Nano archaeota
Crenarchaeota Thermoproteus, sulfolobus
Euryarchaeota Methanococcus, Methanobacterium
Nanoarchaeota Ignicoccus
Extremophile archaea-Pyrococcus furiosus Pfu DNA polymerase(thermocycling for polymerase chain reaction)
Extremophile archaea-Thermus aquaticus Taq polymerase(thermocycling for polymerase chain reation)
Extremophile archaea-Pyrococcus allow food processing at high temperatures(production of low lactose milk and whey)
Methanogenic archaea carry out anaerobic digestion and produce biogas(sewage treatment)
Acidophilic archaea extraction of metals
Achaeocins-Haloarchaea, Sulfolobus antibiotics
Created by: wernny
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