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Changing Earth
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| relative age | is a way of describing how old something is not by using numbers but by using a comparison. |
| index fossil | fossil of an organism that was alive for only a short period of time, were abundant and widespread geographically; scientists can use these to assign dates to rock layers |
| Catastrophism | idea that conditions and organisms on Earth change in quick , violent events |
| Uniformitarianism | states that geologic processes that occur today are similar to those that have occurred in the past |
| absolute age | the numerical age in years of an object |
| radiometric dating | process to determine absolute age of an object isotopes break down into other isotopes and particles |
| halflife | time it takes for half the atoms of an isotope to decay |
| Mold | A fossil formed when an animal, plant, or other organism dies and is covered by sediment, its flesh decays and bones deteriorate due to chemical reactions, and a cavity remains below the ground surface. |
| Casts | A fossil formed when an animal, plant, or other organism dies, its flesh decays and bones deteriorate due to chemical reactions; minerals gradually enter into the cavity, resulting in a cast |
| Carbon Film | An organism outline of a fossil. It is a type of fossil found in any rock when organic material is compressed, leaving only a carbon residue or film. |
| Trace Fossils | is a geological record of biological activity. Trace fossils may consist of impressions made on the substrate by an organism |
| Preserved Remains | traces of animals, plants, and other organisms from the remote past. |
| Stratigraphy | the branch of geology that studies the order and relative age of rock/soil layers on Earth |
| Law of Superposition | states that the youngest layers of Earth are located on the surface and as you go deeper into the Earth, the layers get older. |
| Charles Darwin | the father of evolution 1809-1882 |
| Finches | In 1859, he published his book On the Origin of Species based on his research on the island. |
| Variation | is a slight difference in an inherited trait of individual members of a species |
| Mutations | are random genetic changes that result in new variations |
| Natural Selection | the process by which populations of organisms with variations that help them survive, live longer, compete better and produce more than those that do not have those variations. |
| Adaptation | an inherited trait that increases an organism’s chance of surviving and reproducing in its environment |
| Camouflage | and adaptation that enables a species to blend in with its environment |
| Mimicry | an adaptation that imitates the appearance of another species. |
| Comparative anatomy | is the study of similarities and differences among structures of living species. |
| Homologous structure | structures are the body parts of organisms that are similar in structure and position but different in function |
| Analogous structure | body parts that perform a similar function but differ in structure |
| Vestigial structures | are body parts that have lost their original function through evolution. |
| Taxonomy | the classification and organization of something, especially organisms. It is not just naming, but also organizing animals into similar groups |
| Carl Linnaeus | using two names to describe something. A way of organizing living things. |
| Disease | abnormal condition, a disorder of a structure or function, that affects part or all of an organism |
| Infectious disease | disease caused by a virus, bacterium, fungus or protist that is spread from an infected organism or the environment to another organism |
| Noninfectious disease | diseases that are non communicable and cannot be spread, sometimes called chronic diseases become they last a long time |
| Pathogen | disease producing organism |
| Vector | any agent(person, animal, or microorganism) that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen into another living organism |
| Bacteria | unicellular microorganisms that have cell walls but lack organelles and an organized nucleus |
| Virus | infection agent that typically consists of a nucleic acid molecule in a protein coat, is too small to be seen by light microscopy, and is able to multiply only within the living cells of the host |
| Fungus | Eukaryota organisms that includes unicellular microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as multi-cellular fungi that produce familiar fruiting forms known as mushrooms |
| Protist | unicellular or multi-cellular organism that can be plantlike, animal like, or fungus-like |
| Host cell | living cell in which a virus can actively multiply or in which a virus can hide until activated by environmental stimuli |
| Replication | virus can copy themselves by attaching to a host cell and using the cell as a factory to copy itself |
| Mutation | enable viruses to adjust to changes in their host cells and are the reason why viruses such as the flu are different every year |
| Antibody | a protein that can attach to a pathogen and make it useless, if you have the right antibodies you are immune to a virus |
| Antiviral Drugs | medicine that prevents a virus from entering a cell, antiviral drugs are only good for one virus and not all viruses have one |
| Vaccine | mixture containing material from one or more deactivated pathogens (usually viruses), helps bodies to form antibodies |
| Antibodies | some bacteria produce these chemicals that limit the growth of other bacteria |
| Toxins | poisonous substances produced by some bacteria |
| Endospores | thick walled structures that some bacteria produce to survive during hard times |
| Epidemic | a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time |
| Pandemic | is an epidemic of infectious disease that has spread through human populations across a large region; for instance multiple continents, or even worldwide |
| Energy | the ability to cause change |
| Work | the transfer of energy that occurs when a force is applied over a distance (force x distance) |
| Power | the rate at which work is done (energy/time) |
| Renewable Resource | an energy resource that is as fast as, or faster than, it is used. |
| Nonrenewable Resource | an energy source that is available in limited amounts or that is used faster than it is placed. |
| Combustion power plant | burns biomass or fossil fuels to create energy that is used to make steam which turns a generator, making electricity. |
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