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Population Genetics
ch 16/19
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| evolution | the change of genetic composition of poupuations |
| micro eveloution | the change within species which can occur over dozens of generations |
| macroeveloution | involves longer periods of time and formations of new species |
| population genetics | the field of biology that studies microeveloution |
| varation | change or difference in conditio, amount, or level |
| gene pool | the stock of different geners in an interbreeeing population |
| why use hardy weinburg | because it decribes a hypothetical situation where there isno cahnge in the gene pool, it involves non-evolving poulations under cirtian conditions |
| five conditions that must be met to be in hardy weinburg equilibrium | large population breedeing, random mating, no mutaions, no migragtion, no natural selection |
| hardy wienburg formula | p2 +2pq+ q2 = 1 |
| p2 | occurance of homozygous dominant |
| 2pq | occurance of heterozygous genotype |
| q2 | occurance of homozygous ressive |
| p | dominant allele frequence |
| q | ressive allele frequnece |
| why must p +q = 1 | becuase 1 represents 100% of the popuation |
| natural selection of siclke cell anemia | favors heterozygotes because they only carry the trait for sicke cell and are immune to miliaria |
| directional selection | occurs when selection favors one extreme trait and the intermdiate trait and excludes an extreme |
| disruptive selection | occurs when the slelection favors the two extremes over the intermdiate trait that results in two groups |
| stabilizing selection | occurs when selection favors the intermidaite trait value over the extremes |
| what are the mecahnisms taht affect gene pools | mutaitons and gene flow |
| gene flow | refers to migration of individjuals between populations |
| mutaitons | any change in gentic info usually results from a slight error in DNA replication. some are beneficial while others are not |
| genetic drift | random change in allele frequences is noticed in small locations |
| founder effect | genetic dirft that follows the colinization of a new habitat. person who settles first determines the allele frequencesq |
| bottleneck effect | genttic drift that involves the dirastic reduction in populations for a few generations |
| how do genotype freqeencies change in populations that are interbreeding | gradual increase in homozygosity |
| natural selection | the process in which ogranism adapt to their environment and tned to seuvive and produse more offspring |
| artificaial slection | involves breeders who slect only plants and amimals with desired traits for breeding |
| fossils as evidence in evloution | offer phyiscal records of ongainsms that no longer exhist |
| speciation | the formation of new species, happens to two populations become so different in their gentic makeup that they can no longer interbreeed, happens more to small populations |
| how do homologuous sturctures in animals provide eveidence for exvolution | you cna look cloceley at realted speices and beheivor, sturectue of DNA, and protiens can be comparied |
| how can scientists use dna and protiens | they can compare amino acids and ifthey are similar they could be from the same anscestor |
| geographical isolation leading to speciation | occurs when 2 groups are seperated by water mountians and caynons |
| ecolgical isonation | when 2 popuations adapt to deifferent habitats |
| beherival isolation | if teh matting pattern of a group of organism becomes differnt from the main group |
| embryological evolution | the mor similarites in th eembryo the clocer realted organisms are |
| adaptive radiation | when a popuation enters an environment with few competing species it often divides into several smaller popuations |
| when does adaptive radiation | he populations avoid cometing with each other by adapting to diffeent havitats. the adaptiaions keep populait separate leading to a new species |
Created by:
ella27
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