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Rocks and Minerals

QuestionAnswer
Three Major Groups of Rocks 1. Igneous 2. Sedimentary 3. Metamorphic
Aggregate Mixture
Aluminum Al
Amethyst Quartz 1. Glassy 2. Hardness is 7 Mohs 3. Specific Gravity of 2.65 4. Smokey Gray Color 5. Conchoidal Fracture
Are minerals homogeneous or heterogeneous? They are homogeneous.
Are rocks homogeneous or heterogeneous? They are heterogeneous.
Atom The smallest particle that retains the characteristics of an element.
Atomic Number The number of protons in an atom is unique for each element and is called this.
An atom's three basic components 1. Neutron 2. Proton 3. Electron
Augite 1. Hardness is 5-6 Mohs 2. Greenish Black to Black Color 3. 90 Degrees Fair Cleavage 4. Specific Gravity of 3.4
Basalt and Gabbro are formed from what? These are dark colored igneous rocks made from having less silica.
Basalt and Gabbro have hat kind of composition? Mafic Composition.
Basalt is plutonic or volcanic? Volcanic Rock.
Beds/Strata Sedimentary rocks often form in a series of layers called this.
Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks These form by the actions of living organisms or are composed of the remains of dead organisms.
Biotite Mica 1. Hardness is 2.5-3 Mohs 2. Dark Brown to Black Color 3. Elastic in Thin Sheets
Calcite 1. Fogged Transparent 2. Hardness is 3 Mohs 3. White/Yellowish to Colorless 4. 75 Degree Cleavage 5. Reacts to Hydrochloric Acid (Fizzes)
Calcium Ca
Carbonate Example Calcite
Carbonates 1. Found mostly in limestone 2. Often react (fizz) to hydrochloric acid
Carbonates Formula CO3-2
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks Are crystallized from a solution as a result of changing physical conditions.
Ferromagnesium Silicate Examples 1. Olivine 2. Pyroxene 3. Amphibole 4. Biotite
Gabbro is chemically equivalent to... Basalt.
Gabbro is plutonic or volcanic? Plutonic Rock
Galena 1. Metallic 2. Softer than Glass 3. Dark Gray 4. Dark Gray Streak 5. Good Cubic Cleavage 6. Specific Gravity of 7.6
Garnet 1. Glassy 2. Hardness is 6.5-7.5 Mohs 3. Redddish Brown Color 4. Conchoidal Fracture
Grain Size in Volcanic Rock Very small in all.
Granite is chemically equivalent to... Rhyolite.
Granite is plutonic or volcanic? Plutonic Rock
Graphite 1. Metallic 2. Softer than Glass 3. Metallic Gray 4. Black Streak 5. Massive to Platy 6. Specific Gravity of 2.2 7. Writes on Paper
Gravel sediment is what kind of rock? Conglomerate.
Gypsum 1. Transparent 2. Hardness is 2 Mohs 3. White to Transparent Color 4. When in Sheets it is Flexible but Not Elastic 5. 3 Directions of Cleavage
Halite 1. Transparent 2. Hardness is 2.5 Mohs 3. White to Colorless 4. 3 Directions of Cleavage at 90 Degrees 5. Salty Taste
Hardness The resistance of a mineral to scratching is measured by this.
Hematite 1. Hardness is 1-5 Mohs 2. Reddish Brown 3. Earthy Appearance
Horneblende 1. Glassy 2. Hardness is 5-6 Mohs 3. Black to Greenish Black Color 4. Fair Cleavage 5. Two Directions of Cleavage at 60 Degrees and 120 degrees 6. Specific Gravity of 3.2
How are clastic sediments deposited? When the velocity of the transporting medium drops.
How are the rock and plate tectonics related? Plate movement is the driving mechanism of the rock cycle. Plate interaction determines which of the 3 rock forms will form.
How can minerals be categorized? By the elements they contain.
How do bonds form? By balancing the electrical charges of different ions or by sharing electrons.
How does coal form? From the compacted remains of dead plants.
How do volcanic rocks react temperature wise at the surface? They cool very rapidly.
How many minerals are there? 92
How many common minerals are there? 8
Igneous Rocks Classifying Characteristics 1. Texture 2. Color 3. Correlation between rock types and magma types
Igneous Rocks form from... 1. The crystallization of magma as it cools 2. The consolidation of volcanic ejecta
Intrusive Igneous Rock Crystallizes and cools beneath the Earth's surface.
Intrusive Igneous Rock Example Granite.
Ionic Bond The positive and negative charges balance to create this due to electrical attraction between the oppositely charged ions.
Iron Fe
Kaolinite 1. Clay-like 2. Hardness is 2 Mohs 3. White Color 4. Smooth 5. Earthy Odor 6. When Wet, Clay Texture
Lithification The process of compaction and cementation that converts sediment into a sedimentary rock are together termed this.
Luster How light is reflected from a mineral.
Magnesium Mg
Metamorphic Rock Examples 1. Gneiss: Forms from pressure 2. Quartzite: Forms from heat
Metamorphic Rocks form from... Alteration of other rocks from... 1. Heat 2. pressure 3. Chemically Active Fluids
Metamorphism Relates to changes in mineral composition or texture that occur in solid rocks as a result of increasing pressure or temperature.
Milky Quartz 1. Glassy 2. Hardness is 7 Mohs 3. Conchoidal Fracture 4. Specific Gravity of 2.65 5. Milky (White) Color
Mineral Classifying Characteristics 1. Crystal Form 2. Color 3. Luster 4. Cleavage 5. Streak 6. Hardness
Mineral Definition These are naturally occurring inorganic solids of one or more elements that have a definite composition with an orderly internal arrangement of atoms.
Mineral Resource This refers to nonfood, nonfuel resources such as metals, and industrial minerals.
Most minerals are what? Silicates/
Muscovite Mica 1. Transparent 2. Colorless 3. Excellent Cleavage in One Direction 4. Thin Sheets; Elastic
Neutron Neutral Charge
Non-Ferromagnesium 1. Lack Iron and Magnesium 2. Have Potassium, Aluminum, and Sodium 3. Light Colored 4. Metallic
Non-Ferromagnesium Silicate Examples 1. Quartz 2. Potassium Feldspar 3. Plagioclase Feldspar 4. Muscovite Mica
Olivine 1. Glassy 2. Hardness is 6.5-7 Mohs 3. Olive Green Color
Ore A rock containing economic concentrations of metallic minerals is known as this.
Oxygen O
Phosphate is used in what? In the manufacture of fertilizers.
Plagioclase Feldspar 1. Pearly 2. Hardness is 6 Mohs 3. White/Gray Color 4. two Directions of Cleavage-Nearly Right Angles 5. Specific Gravity of 2.65
Plutonic Igneous Rocks cool above or below Earth's surface? Igneous rocks that cool below Earth's surface.
Plutonic is extrusive or intrusive? Intrusive.
Positives of covalent bonds Minerals formed with this are typically stronger, and thus more likely to be preserved on Earth's surface.
Potassium K
Potassium Feldspar 1. Hardness is 6 Mohs 2. Pink or White to Gray in Color 3. Two Directions of Cleavage at Nearly 90 Degrees 4. Specific Gravity of 2.6
Process for Clastic Sedimentary Rocks 1. Generation 2. Transportation 3. Lithification
Proton Positive Charge
Pyrite 1. Metallic 2. Harder than Glass 3. Gold and Dark Gray Color 4. Greenish/Black Streak 5. Specific Gravity of 5.2 6. Aggregate of Cubic Crystals
Regional Metamorphism This occurs when rocks undergo increased temperatures and pressures typically associated with the plate tectonic processes that form mountains.
Residual Mineral Deposits Are formed most rapidly in areas with rapid weathering rates.
Rhyolite and Granite are formed from what? These are light colored igneous rocks formed from silica rich magma.
Rhyolite and Granite have what kind of composition? Felsic Composition.
Rhyolite is plutonic or volcanic rock? Volcanic Rock
The rock cycle illustrates what? The interactions between Earth's internal and external processes and how the 3 rock groups are interrelated; there are shortcuts.
Rock Definition A solid aggregate of one or more minerals, and also non-crystalline matter such as natural gas or organic material liek coal.
Rocks are made of what? Minerals.
Rock's Characteristics 1. Mixtures of Minerals 2. Do Not have a Definite Crystal Structure 3. Do Not have a Definite Chemical Formula 4. Heterogeneous
Rose Quartz 1. Glassy 2. Hardness is 7 Mohs 3. Rose (Pink) Color 4. Conchoidal Fracture 5. Specifc Gravity of 2.65
Sand sediment is what kind of rock? Sandstone
Sediment Weathered material is known as this and is classified on the basis of its grain size.
Sedimentary Rock Examples 1. Conglomerate: Forms from river gravels 2. Limestone: Forms from precipitation from seawater
Sedimentary Rocks and Fossil Fuels 1. Gas 2. oil 3. Coal
Sedimentary Rocks form from... 1. Rock/Mineral Fragments 2. Precipitation of Minerals from Solution 3. The Compaction of Plant and Animal Remains
Sedimentary Rock Types 1. Clastic Sedimentary Rocks 2. Chemical Sedimentary Rocks 3. Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks
Silicon Si
Smokey Quartz 1. Glassy 2. Hardness is 7 Mohs 3. Dark Brown to Black Color 4. Conchoidal Fracture
Sodium Na
Silt sediment is what kind of rock? Siltstone
Streak The mark formed when a mineral is scratched across an unglazed piece of porcelain.
Sulfide Examples 1. Galena 2. Pyrite
Sulfides 1. Contain Sulfur 2. Has a Metallic Element 3. These Minerals are Found in all Types of Rocks
Talc 1. Pearly 2. Hardness is 1-2 Mohs 3. Pink in Color 4. Thin Plates 5. Soapy Feel
Volcanic Igneous Rocks These form when magma in Earth's interior rises to the surface through pipes or fractures in the crust.
Volcanic is extrusive or intrusive? Extrusive.
Weathering The process of disintegration and decomposition is termed this. It is influenced by the original rock type and by climate conditions.
What are the key ingredients in the generation of hydrothermal mineral deposits? Water and Magma.
What is Halite? Salt
What is the best way to learn different kinds of igneous rocks? As pairs of equivalent plutonic and volcanic compositions.
What is the most common element? Oxygen is.
Where are placer deposits found? In present day streams or in ancient stream desposits.
Created by: Pel89
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