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chapter 12
endocrine system
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| adrenal cortex | outer portion of the adrenal gland that secretes corticosteroids |
| adrenal gland | gland perched on top of the kidney; consists of two distinct glands (adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex) |
| adrenal medulla | inner portion of the adrenal gland that functions as part of the sympathetic nervous system |
| catecholamines | epinephrine and norepinephrine; secreted by the adrenal medulla |
| corticosteroids | steroid hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex |
| endocrine gland | ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the blood stream |
| gonads | primary sex organs; which are the testes in the male and ovaries in the female |
| Graves' disease | disorder resulting from hypersecretion of thyroid hormone |
| hormone | chemical secreted by glands and specialized cells of the endocrine system |
| pancreas | secretes digestive enzymes (exocrine function) as well as hormones used to regulate blood glucose levels (endocrine function) |
| parathyroid hormone | glands embedded on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland that secrete a hormone used to regulate blood calcium levels |
| pineal glnad | produces the hormone melatonin, which increases at night and decreases during the day |
| pituitary gland | small gland attached to the lower surface of the hypothalamus that secretes a number of hormones that regulate many bodily processes; consists of an anterior and posterior lobe |
| target cells | cells having receptors for a particular hormone |
| tetany | sustained muscle contraction; may result from hypocalcemia |
| thymus | secretes hormones having a role in the development of the immune system |
| thyroid gland | gland in the neck that secretes hormones that affect the body's metabolic rate |
| Anterior pituitary hormones | Growth hormone, Prolactin, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, lutenizing hormone |
| growth hormone | released by the anterior pituitary, effects growth and the repair of tissue through the breakdown of proteins and fats |
| prolactin | effects milk secretion |
| thyroid-stimulating hormone | effects growth of the thyroid gland and secretion of thyroid hormone |
| adrenocorticotropic hormone | effects growth of and secretion of corticosteroids by the adrenal cortex |
| follicle-stimulating hormone | effects: female growth of ovarian follicles and secretions of estrogen male: sperm production |
| lutenizing hormone | effects: female: ovulation, maintenance of corpus luteum Male: secretion of testosterone |
| Posterior pituitary hormones | antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin |
| antidiuretic hormone | effects water retention |
| oxytocin | effects stimulation of uterine contractions; stimulation of release of milk into the ducts of mammary glands |
| Thyroid gland hormones | T3, T4, and calcitonin |
| T3 | increases rate of metabolism |
| T4 | increases the rate of metabolism |
| calcitonin | increases deposition of calcium in bones, lowering blood calcium levels |
| parathyroid hormone | released by the parathyroid, increases blood calcium levels by increasing removal of calcium from bone, reducing urinary excretion of calcium and increasing absorption of calcium by the intestines |
| Hormones released by the adrenal medulla | epinephrine, norepinephrine |
| epinephrine | enhances the effects of the sympathetic nervous system |
| norepinephrine | enhances the effects of the sympathetic nervous system |
| hormones released by the adrenal cortex | aldosterone, cortisol, adrenal androgens, and adrenal estrogens |
| aldosterone | promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion, which leads to water retention |
| cortisol | stimulates the breakdown of fat and protein and the conversion of fat and protein to glucose; enhances tissue repair; antiinflammatory; in large amounts, inhibits the immune system |
| adrenal androgens | promotes growth of pubic and axillary hair; sex drive |
| adrenal estrogens | physiologically insignificant |
| Type 1 diabetes | rapid onset before age 30; daily insulin injections are needed; caused by a deficiency of insulin resulting from the destruction of beta cells in the pancreatic islets |
| Type 2 diabetes | gradual onset after age 40; lifestyle changes may be all that is needed; caused by a loss of insulin receptors on target cells leading to insulin resistance |
| hormones of the pancreatic islets | glucagon, insulin, somatostatin |
| glucagon | stimulates the breakdown of the stored form of glucose for release into the bloodstream |
| insulin | stimulates the movement of glucose from the bloodstream into the cells |
| somatostatin | mainly helps regulate the secretion of other hormones of the pancreas |
Created by:
lindstromjPN110
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