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__FREEMAN ES SOL 3
Mrs. Freeman's SOL REVIEW #3 - EARTH MATERIALS AND PROCESSES
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A mineral is | found in nature, inorganic, solid, with a definite chemical composition and structure |
| Major elements found in Earth’s crust | are oxygen, silicon, aluminum, and iron. |
| The most abundant group of minerals | is the silicates, which contain silicon and oxygen.. |
| Some common silicates include | feldspar and quartz |
| The carbonate group of minerals is | composed of the compound CO3. |
| Some common carbonates are | calcite and dolomite |
| The oxide group of minerals is | composed of oxygen and a metal |
| Some common oxides include | hematite and magnetite |
| Igneous rocks are classified by | composition and texture |
| Igneous Rocks are produced | by the cooling of magma or lava |
| Fast cooling LAVA= | Extrusive Igneous Rock |
| Extrusive texture includes | small mineral grains, glassy, air holes present |
| Examples of extrusive igneous rocks are | Pumice, Basalt, and Obsidian |
| Slow cooling MAGMA= - | Intrusive Igneous Rock |
| Intrusive Igneous Texture includes | coarse or large mineral grains |
| An example of intrusive igneous rock | Is Granite (continental crust) and Basalt (ocean crust) |
| Metamorphic rocks | are formed by heat and pressure |
| Metamorphic textures include | foliated (banded) and non-foliated |
| Foliated metamorphic rocks are | slate, schist, gneiss |
| Non-foliated metamorphic rocks include | marble and quartzite |
| Limestone morphs (changes) into | marble |
| Sandstone morphs into | quartzite |
| Sedimentary rocks form from | rock fragments, organic material, or chemical precipitation |
| Fossils are found in these layers | are found in flat layers or strata of Sedimentary rock |
| Sedimentary subclasses include | clastic, organic, and chemical. |
| Limestone is formed | both chemically and organically |
| Name three Clastic sedimentary rocks that are made of fragments- | Conglomerate, sandstone, and shale |
| The Coastal plain is | the flattest area underlain by all types of sediments produced by the erosion of the Appalachian Mountains and Piedmont. |
| Fossils are abundant | In the coastal plain |
| Piedmont is underlain | by igneous and metamorphic rocks produced by ancient volcanoes |
| The Piedmont and the Coastal Plain are separated by the | fall line located around Richmond and goes north and south along I 95. |
| Blue- Ridge regions contains- | igneous and metamorphic rocks that are the oldest in the State |
| Valley and Ridge region contains | long parallel ridges composed of folded and faulted rocks that occurred during the collision of Africa and North America during the Paleozoic |
| In the Valley and Ridge, | karst topography & fossils are abundant |
| Appalachian Plateau is | underlain by sedimentary rocks |
| The Appalachian Plateau is | actually a series of plateaus separated by fault and erosional down-cut valleys |
| _________ resources are found in the Appalachian Plateau | Coal |
| The Earth consists of | a solid Inner core( Fe & Ni), A liquid outer core( Fe & Ni), a plastic- like mantle (Si, O, Fe, Ni) and a thin rocky crust (Si & O) |
| The lithosphere is | the crust and upper mantle. |
| Ocean Crust is. . | thinner, younger, & denser than continental crust |
| Oceanic crust is | made of basalt and continental crust is made of granite |
| Karst topography occurs | in regions where there is a soft sedimentary rock like limestone that is easily eroded away by water to create carbonic acid |
| Convection currents. | move tectonic plates. Hot material rises, cools, becomes denser and sinks |
| Convergent Boundaries. | are colliding plates which cause folded or thrust faulted mountains, subduction zones (volcanoes & trenches). |
| Reverse faults | are produced from the process of two boundaries converging together |
| Divergent boundaries | are dividing plates and cause Sea- Floor Spreading, Mid- Ocean Ridges, Rift Valleys, & Volcanoes. |
| Normal faults | are produced from divergent boundaries |
| Transform boundaries | slide past each other and strike slip faults and Earthquakes are produced |
| Earthquakes | can result with any plate movement |
| A volcano is | an opening where magma erupts onto Earth’s surface. |
| Most volcanic activity | is associated with subduction, rifting, or seafloor spreading |
| Hot Spots are not | related to plate movement but a place where magma rises to the surface in the middle of a crustal plate (continent or ocean) |
| A fault is | a break or crack in the Earth's Crust where movement has occurred. |
| Appalachian Mountains are | folded mountains |
| Subduction occurs when | An Ocean plate will always sink under a continental or another ocean plate because it is denser than the other plate |
| 3 seismic stations are needed to | find the epicenter of an Earthquake |
| P waves travel (Primary) | the fastest and reach the Seismic station first. |
| P waves | travel through solids and liquids and are less damaging than S waves |
| P waves | slow down and bend when they hit the liquid outer core |
| S waves (Secondary) | do not travel through liquids. |
| Weathering | is the process that rocks are broken down by water, air, and organisms |
| Chemical weathering | occurs in warm, humid climates. |
| Mechanical weathering | occurs in cold climates--- ice wedging |
| Karst topography | is developed in areas underlain by carbonate rocks, including limestone and dolomite. |
| KARST features like caves and sinkholes | form when limestone is slowly dissolved away by slightly acidic groundwater. |
| Erosion | is the process by which Earth materials are transported by moving water, ice, or wind. |
| Gravity causes | The movement water, ice, or wind. |
| Streams and moving water | are the major agents of erosion. |
| Deposition | is the dropping or settling out of sediment by wind, ice, or moving water |
| High Erosion | = high relief areas (change in elevation or landforms) |
| High deposition | = low relief areas (change in elevation or landforms) |
| Large particles | settle out first as water loses energy /speed |
| Sediment size from largest to smallest-. | breccia, sand, silt, clay |
| Permeability is | a measure of the ability of a rock or sediment to transmit water or other liquids. |
| Water does not pass through. | impermeable materials |
| As particle size increases, | permeability increases |
| Soil Evolution | starts with the weathering of bedrock. |
| Organic material. | must be present in order to have Soil |
| Soil profile consists of 3 horizons: | A - Top Soil (most evolved), B- Less humus, leaching from A, C- Weathered Rock |
Created by:
tbfreema
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