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Chapter 1
Orientation to the human body
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| anatomy | structure of the human body |
| physiology | how the human body functions |
| organs | two or more tissue types that work together to carry out a function |
| cells | smallest living unit in the body |
| tissues | specialized groups of cells with similar structure and function |
| organ systems | groups of organs that contribute to a specific function |
| epithelial tissue | covers or lines body surfaces: outer layer of skin, the walls of capillaries, kidney tubules |
| connective tissue | connects and supports parts of the body: bone, cartilage, adipose tissue |
| muscle | contracts to produce movement: skeletal and heart |
| nerve tissue | generates and transmits impulses to regulate body functions: brain and nerves |
| integumentary system | skin, hair and nails |
| integumentary system functions | protection, temperature, regulation, water retention, and sensation |
| skeletal system | bones, cartilage, ligaments |
| skeletal system functions | protection of body organs, support, movement, blood formation |
| muscular system | skeletal muscles |
| muscular system functions | movement, posture, heat production |
| lymphatic system | lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, lymph, thymus, spleen, tonsils |
| lymphatic system functions | role in fluid balance, production of immune cells, defense against disease |
| respiratory system | nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs |
| respiratory system functions | absorption of oxygen, discharge of carbon dioxide, acid-base balance, speech |
| urinary system | kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra |
| urinary system functions | excretion of wastes, regulation of blood volume, regulation of blood pressure, control of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance |
| nervous system | brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs |
| nervous system functions | control, regulation, and coordination of other systems sensation, memory |
| endocrine system | pituitary gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, thyroid |
| endocrine system function | hormone production, control and regulation of other systems |
| circulatory system | heart, arteries, veins, capillaries |
| circulatory system functions | distribution of oxygen, nutrients, wastes, hormones, electrolytes, immune cells, and antibodies fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance |
| digestive system | stomach, small and large intestines, esophagus, liver, mouth, and pancreas |
| digestive system functions | breakdown and absorption of nutrients elimination of wastes |
| male reproductive system | testes, vas deferens, prostate, seminal vesicles, and penis |
| male reproductive system functions | production and delivery of sperm secretion of sex hormones |
| female reproductive system | ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, breasts |
| female reproductive system functions | production of eggs site of fertilization site of fetal development birth lactation secretion of sex hormones |
| medial | toward the body's midline |
| lateral | away from the body's midline |
| distal | farthest from the point of origin |
| proximal | closest to the point of origin |
| Superior | above |
| anterior | toward the front of the body |
| ventral | toward the front of the body |
| posterior | toward the back of the body |
| dorsal | toward the back of the body |
| superficial | at or near the body's surface |
| deep | away from the body's surface |
| inferior | below |
| anatomical position | standing erect, arms at the sides, with face, palms and feet facing forward |
| sagittal plane | divides the body lengthwise into right and left sides |
| transverse plane | divides the body horizontally into the upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portions |
| frontal plane | divides the body lengthwise into anterior and posterior portions |
| What are the two major body cavities? | dorsal and ventral |
| ventral cavity | located at the front of the body: contains the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities that are separated by the diaphragm |
| thoracic cavity | surrounded by the ribs and chest muscles: contains the heart, large vessels of the heart, trachea, esophagus, thymus, lymph nodes, and lungs |
| abdominopelvic cavity | divided into the abdominal and pelvic cavities |
| abdominal cavity | contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs |
| pelvic cavity | contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum |
| homeostasis | the ability of the body to maintain a relatively constant internal environment despite changes in external conditions |
| receptor | receives information about a change in the environment |
| control center | receives and processes information from the receptor |
| effector | responds to signals from the control center by either opposing or enhancing the stimulus |
| negative feedback | when the effector opposes the stimulus and reverses the direction of change |
| positive feedback | when the effector enhances the stimulus and amplifies the direction of change |
| dorsal cavity | located at the back of the body: contains the cranial and spinal cavities |
| organelle | metabolic units within a cell that perform a specific function necessary to the life of the cell |
Created by:
lindstromjPN110
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