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Med Surg II
Oncology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the number one reason people don't go to the doctor? | Fear |
| What are the most common sites that men get cancer? | Prostate, lung, colon, and rectum |
| What are the most common sites that women get cancer? | Breast, lung, colon, and rectum |
| What is carcinogenesis? | Process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells |
| What are the primary ways to prevent cancer? | Smoking cessation, eat healthy diet, exercise regulary |
| What is a food that is high in antioxidants? | Berries |
| How much exercise is recommended? | 20 min/day |
| What age is it recommended that men start to have the PSA test done? | 50 |
| What age is it recommended that women start getting mammograms done? | 40 |
| What are the risk factors for cancer? | Chronic skin irritations, smoking, diet, UV exposure, environmental carcinogens, chemical carcinogens, heavy alcohol use, heredity, and age (55 and over), African Americans more than any other race |
| What are the s/s for testicular cancer? | Stomach ache, back ache, breast enlargement, heaving feeling in scrotum, and swelling |
| What is the procedure that is done after PSA screening comes back elevated? | Transrectal ultrasound |
| How often do men & women get colonoscopies? | Age 50 and every 5 years |
| What are the 7 signs of cancer? | Change in bowel/bladder habits, A sore throat, Unusual bleeding/discharge, Thickening/lump in breast or elsewhere, Indigestion/difficulty swallowing, Obvious changes in moles/warts, Nagging cough/hoarseness |
| Neoplasm | New growth - abnormal or uncontrolled growth |
| Benign | Not recurrent or progressive |
| Malignant | Abnormal cell growth with a loss of normal role and function |
| Tumor | A growth; may be local or invasive |
| Metastasis | The process by which tumor cells spread from the primary site to a secondary site |
| Immunosurveillance | The immune system's recognition and destruction of newly developed abnormal cells |
| What does a T cell do? | Recognizes and destroys |
| What are the characteristics of malignant cells? | Rapid growth, irregular, rarely contained with capsule, capable of metastasis, little resemblance to parent tissue |
| What are the types of malignancies? | Carcinoma, Sarcoma, lymphoma and leukemia |
| Carcinoma | Malignant tumors composed of epithelial cells |
| Sarcoma | Malignant tumors of connective tissue |
| Lymphoma & Leukemia | Malignant tumors that originate from the hematopoietic system |
| Mutation | As cells divide, sometimes errors in the genetic code occur |
| How does chemo work? | Interfering with DNA replication |
| T | Tumor size |
| N | Degree of regional spread to the lymph nodesq |
| M | Metastasis |
| T4, N3, M2 | Large tumor with three lymph nodes involved that has spread to other parts of the body |
| Biopsy | Removal of a small piece of living tissue from an organ or other part of the body for microscopic examination |
| Excisional Biopsy | Removal of the complete lesion, with little or no margin of surrounding normal tissue removed; polypectomy |
| Incisional Biopsy | Removal of a portion of tissue for examination, such as the bite biopsy |
| What is a ND for chemotherapy? | Risk for infection |
| What is it called if a persons white blood count is less than 4000? | Leukopenia |
| What is stomatitis? | Inflammation of the oral mucosa, is one of the most common complications of chemo and can lead to severe swallowing problems and system infections (may lead to anorexia) |
| What do you teach about mouth care? | Encourage soft bristle toothbrush, rinse mouth with normal saline or sodium bicarbonate solution q 2-4hr |
| What is the second leading cause of death is the US? | Cancer |
| What is an oncologic emergency with rapid lysis of malignant cells? | Tumor Lysis Syndrome (TLS) |
| What can TLS lead to? | Hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyperuricemia, and hypcocalcemia (electrolyte imbalances) |
| What is the medical management for TLS? | Hydration, diuretics, allopuinol, sodium bicarbonate, and calcium gluconate |
| What is the treatment when hydration, diuretics, sodium bicarbonate fail to treat TLS? | Dialysis |
| How long does it take for TLS to resolve? | 7 days once treatment is initiated |
| Who determines the patients pain level? | Patient - it is whatever the patient says it is |
| How often do you give pain meds for a patient with cancer? | Around the clock, more often for breakthrough pain |
| What do you encourage for multiple myeloma? | Fluids |
| When do you give Reglan? | 30 mins prior to meals |
| What is the patient teaching for thrombocytopenia? | Soft toothbrush, keep mouth clean, avoid intrusions into the rectum, use electric shaver, avoid activities that can promote bleeding |
Created by:
tandkhopkins
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