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Chapter 21 and 22
Science 30 Week Assessment over Chapter 21 and 22
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Continental Air Masses | Form over large land masses, Low humidity level, Dry weather conditions, Remain over the areas they form for days to weeks, Continental Polar - Cold and Dry while Continental Tropical - Warm and Dry |
| Maritime Air Masses | Form over oceans and other large bodies of water, Higher humidity, Take on characteristics of the water they form over, Bring precipitation and fog, Maritime Polar air masses are moist and cold, Maritime Tropical air masses are moist and warm. |
| Tropical Air Masses | See study Guide |
| Polar Air Masses | See study guide |
| Wam Front | When a warm air mass takes over a cold air mass, a warm front forms. |
| Occluded Front | A front that forms when a cold air mass overtakes a warm air mass and lifts the warm air mass off the ground and over another air mass. |
| Stationary Front | A front of air masses that moves either very slowly or not at all |
| Cyclone | Areas of low pressure that are characterized by rotating wind, which moves toward the rising air of the central, low pressure region. |
| Anticyclone | Sinks and flows outward from a center of high pressure. Brings dry weather because of the sinking air does not promote cloud formation. |
| Cumulonimbus Clouds | A cloud forming a towering mass with a flat base at fairly low altitude and often a flat top, as in thunderstorms. |
| Thunderstorm | See study guide |
| Hurricane | See study guide |
| Latent Heat | The heat required to convert a solid into a liquid or vapor, or a liquid into a vapor, without change of temperature |
| Eye | The eye of the storm is actually calm,clear, sinking air. |
| Storm Surge | A rising of the sea as a result of atmospheric pressure changes and wind associated with a storm |
| Saffir-Simpson Scale | Measures the Hurricane wind scale, rates from 1-5 |
| Tornado | Winds cause the rising air in the thunderstorm to rotate. A stormcloud may develope a narrow, funnel-shaped, rapidly spinning extension that reaches downward and may or may not touch the ground. |
| Fujita Scale | A way to measure tornadoes it ranges from F0 to F5 |
| Tornado Alley | The place where tornadoes most commonly occur in the late spring and early summer. Tornado alley stretches from Texas up through the midwest or early summer. |
| Flash Flood | A sudden local flood, typically due to heavy rain. |
| River Flood | When a river overflows its natural banks causing or threatening damage |
| Urban Flood | Flooding in urban areas can be caused by flash floods, or coastal floods, or river floods, but there is also a specific flood type that is called urban flooding. Urban flooding is specific in the fact that the cause is a lack of drainage in an urban area |
| How does Latitude Affect Climate | Latitude is one of the most important factors that determine a climate in a certain region. Different latitudes on Earth’s surface receive different amounts of solar energy. |
| How does Elevation Affect Climate | The elevation or height of land-forms above sea level, produces distinct temperature changes. Generally as elevation rises temperatures decrease. |
| Rain Shadow | When a moving air mass encounters a mountain range, the air mass rises, cools, and loses moisture through precipitation. As a result, the air that flows down the other side of the mountain range is usually warm and dry. |
| Global Wind Patterns | Because Earth receives different amounts of solar energy at different latitudes, belts of cool, dense air or form near the poles, while belts of warm, less dense air form near the equator. |
| Proximity To a Lake or Ocean | The water absorbs and releases heat slower than land does. Thus, the water moderates the temperature of nearby land. Large bodies of water also increase precipitation. |
| Ocean Currents | The temperature of ocean currents that come in contact with their influences the amount of heat absorbed by the air. If winds constantly blow toward shore, ocean currents have a strong effect on air masses over land. |
| Urban Heat Island Effect | Can't Find!!! |
| Angle of Insolation | Because Earth's Axis is tilted, we have varied amount of sun rays hitting the surface. At the Equator the sun hits at a 90 degree angle and so has higher temps. As you go higher in latitude the less sun that hits the surface. |
| Prevailing Westerlies | between 30 and 60 degrees latitude stands the prevailing westerlies. Air moving towards the poles is deflected by the coriolis effect. In the north, winds are south west. In the south, the winds are north west. |
| Doldrums | In the equatorial belt of low pressure, the air rises and cools, and water vapor condenses. Thus this region has lots of precipitation. |
| Subtropical Highs | In the regions between about 20o and 30o latitude in both hemispheres is called the Subtropical Highs. The air sinks, warms, and decreases in relative humidity. (Little precipitation in these areas.) |
| El Nino | The warm-water phase of the El Nino-southern Oscillation; a periodic occurrence in the eastern Pacific Ocean in which the surface-water temperature becomes unusually dry. |
| Monsoons | A seasonal wind that blows toward the land in the summer, bringing heavy rains, and that blows away from land in the winter, bringing dry weather. |
| Windward | It is where the air rises, cools, and releases moisture. (West side of the mountains in the U.S.) |
| Leeward | Air sinks, as air sinks it compresses and warms. (East side of the mountains in the U.S.) |
| Which Climate and Subclimate do we Live In | We live in the humid continental, which is part of middle-latitude climates. Prevailing Westerlies |
| Eccentricity (Milankovitch Theory) | The shape of Earth's Orbit or eccentricity, changes from nearly circular to elongated and back to circular every 100,000 years. |
| Elliptical (Milankovitch Theory) | Another change happens in the Earth's axis. Every 41,000 years, the tilt of Earth's axis varies between 22.2 and 24.5 degrees. |
| Axial Tilt (Milankovitch Theory) | 22.2 to 24.5 degrees. Its at about 23.5 right now. |
| Precision (Milankovitch Theory) | Also a periodic change is caused by the circular motion, or precision, of Earth's axis. this causes the axis to change position, which often described as a wobble. The axis traces a complete circle every 25,700 years. |
| Understand natural vs. anthropogenic factors that affect climate change | Natural : Volcanoes, Orbital change, Plate tectonics. Anthropogenic : Burning of Fossil fuels, Deforestation, making of food, cement production, etc. |
| Understand how scientists study past climate (climate proxies). | Ice Core: Measuring Concentrations of gas in ice. Tree rings: Ring width Sea-floor spreading : Concentrations of 18O in microorganisms Speleothems : Concentrations of 13C and 18O in stalagmites Fossils : leaf shapes, animal body adaptations |
| Understand scientific evidence for climate change. | Keeling curve, CO2 vs. Global temperature, U.S. temperature change map 1991 - 2012, natural vs. anthropogenic factors match to observed warming, solar output vs. observed warming, stratospheric cooling graph, alpine glacier mass loss, Greenland and Antarc |
| Understand the potential negative effects of climate change | See study guide |
| Understand the actions that countries, businesses, and individuals can take to reduce the effects of climate change. | Countries are working together to reduce the chances of a huge global warming catastrophe. Treaties and laws are being passed and have been passed to reduce pollution in businesses and individual lives. Individuals can help by burning less fossil fuels. |
Created by:
Rjbern0620
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