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WGU Science
Integrated Natural Science
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is an Independent Variable? | Changes on Purpose |
| What is a Dependent Variable? | What you see because of the independent variable |
| What is a controlled variable? | A condition is kept the same throughout the entire experiment |
| What is a fact? | Observation/phenomenon all observers agree on |
| What is a Theory? | Well tested and supported broad explanation for all available observations and data |
| What is a Law? | Well tested and supported description of an aspect |
| Biology is? | Studies Bodies of Animals and People |
| Chemistry is? | The Study of Medicines |
| Physics is? | The Study of forces needed |
| Geology is? | The Study of Rocks |
| Astronomy is? | The Study of stars/ Solar System |
| Equation for work? | Work = (force)X(distance) |
| Why can’t simple machines reduce the total amount of work that is done to move an object? | We still had to work to move it, just didn’t have to move it all the way on our own thanks to the machines help. |
| What is Potential Energy? | Energy a system has due to its shape/ position. Potential to do work |
| What is an example of Potential Energy? | Exercise Band- Stretching out |
| What is an example of Electrical potential Energy? | Lightning storm or light bulbs |
| What is an example of Chemical Potential Energy? | Food preparation |
| What is an example of Gravitational Potential Energy? | An object held in the air and let go it will drop/ fall to the ground. |
| What is Kinetic Energy and what are some examples? | Energy due to motion- car, river, rolling ball, running, wind, sky diver, baseball thrown |
| What happens to kinetic energy when the mass and speed of an object changes? | If it’s faster it increases. If it is slower the energy decreases. |
| What is Thermal Energy? | Another form of kinetic energy examples are hot cup of cocoa, thermostat/heater |
| What is the Law of Conservation of Energy? | It can change form but cannot be destroyed |
| What is gravitational force? | Force between 2 objects that have mass. More massive objects have greater force. |
| What is the relationship between thermal energy and gravitational force in a star? | In gravity, it is pushing together the molecules. The thermal energy is pressure pushing out from the middle |
| What is inverse relationship? | Forces decrease at a faster rate |
| What 2 factors contribute to the strength of gravitational force? | Mass and Distance |
| How does Mass and Distance affect the strength of the force? | Increases Mass= increase force… increase distance= decrease force. |
| What factors contribute to the strength of electrical force? | The electrical charge of the objects involved |
| How does the electrical charge affect the strength of the force? | Positive and negative attract each other… negative result forces attract… positive forces they repel each other |
| What is Vector? | Velocity force, acceleration, momentum |
| What is Scalar? | Speed, pressure, mass, energy, temperature |
| What is the difference between Newton’s Laws and Coulomb’s laws? | Newtons laws are based on Mass and Distance… Coulomb’s law is based on the charge of the particles involved. Both follow the inverse square law. |
| What is Newton’s First Law? | Object and rest tends to stay at rest. An object in motion stays in motion |
| What is Newton’s Second Law? | If acted upon by a net force, an object will accelerate |
| What is Newton’s Third Law? | For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. You cannot touch without being touched. |
| What is a wave? | How light and sound travels |
| What is a Transverse Wave? | Perpendicular wave—light/ ocean waves |
| What is a Longitudinal wave? | Parallel waves- Sound |
| What is a wave length? | Distance between identical parts of waves |
| What is frequency? | Number of vibrations per unit/time |
| What is amplitude? | Maximum displacement up or down from a mid-point |
| What is reflection? | Angle arrives is the same angle it bounces off |
| What is Refraction? | Wave moves from one media to another |
| What is Diffraction? | How waves travel through small openings |
| What is interference? | 2 wave lengths of sound/light |
| What is Destructive interference? | Amplitudes do not line up |
| What is constructive interference? | Amplitudes line up and increases in sound/light |
| Electromagnetic waves located on the electromagnetic spectrum from high to low frequency? | Gamma Rays, x-rays, ultra violet, visible light, infared, microwaves, Radio Waves. |
| What are the different colors of visible light. | Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet (violet is placed next to ultraviolet on electromagnetic spectrum with higher frequency) |
| What happens when there is a strong nuclear force? | Neutrons hold the protons together tightly |
| When Electrical force is strong what happens? | The nucleus tends to split |
| What does E= mc2 stand for? | Energy = Mass (speed of light) squared |
| What happens during a nuclear fission? | Atoms are splitting apart- Nuclear Bomb, Nuclear power plant- produce energy |
| What happens to the mass per nucleon in an atom when it is split into a smaller nuclei? | When it splits it gets smaller thus MORE energy is needed. |
| What happens in a nuclear fission? | Small nuclea join forces and example is stars |
| How does the mass per nucleon change in a nuclear fusion? | When there is a fusion there is a reaction that builds and some of the mass is lost resulting in LESS mass per nucleon and the energy is building. |
| What is Fusion? | joins |
| What is Fission? | Divides |
| What is Thermonuclear fusion and where does it occur? | High temperature fusion in stars- Hydrogen to Helium to carbon |
| What is the chemical composition of stars? | 71% Hydrogen, 27% Helium, 1% Oxygen, .5% Carbon, .01% Silicon, .01% Nitrogen |
| What is the Hertzsprung-Russell (H-R) diagram? | Plots the luminosity or absolute magnitude of a star with respect to its temperature |
| Describe the relationship between gravitational force and thermal energy from fusion in the life of a star? | The amount of Fusion/force occurs. Gravity pushes to core… Thermal pushes away from core. Decrease—fall apart/ increase becomes stronger star |
| What is the life cycle of our sun? | 1. Hydrogen burning Main sequence star (average star) 2. Helium burning increases thermal pressure (red giant star) 3. Thermal pressure greatly exceeds gravity (planetary Nebula) 4. Hot, non-fusing carbon core (White Dwarf) |
| What star has a characteristic of Hydrogen burning? | Main Sequence Star |
| What star has a characteristic of Helium burning? | Red Giant |
| What star has a characteristic of Bigger Massive Stars? | Super Giant |
| What star has a characteristic of Fusion of Carbon? | White Dwarf |
| What are the Characteristics of a Neutron Star? | Large ball of Neutrons end of massive star sequence |
| What is the Massive Star diagram order? | Nebula/ main sequence/ red super giant/ super nova/ black hole or neutron star |
| What is the Star order with stars similar to our sun? | Nebula/ main sequence/ red giant/ white dwarf |
| What is the order of components of the solar system from sun to Oort Cloud? | Sun/ Terrestrial planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars/ Asteroid Wall/ Jovian planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune/ Kuiper Comets/ Pluto/ Oort Cloud |
| What is Cosmology? | Study of the Universe |
| What is Hubble’s Law and how does it support the Big Bang Theory? | Farther Galaxies= faster/ happening in all directions/ Universe is expanding |
| What is cosmic background radiation? | Low level radiation around us |
| What is the difference between a pure substance and a mixture? | A pure substance is an element or compound with a fixed chemical composition. A mixture is a combination of 2 or more substances. |
| What is an example of a pure substance? | Gold, Diamonds, water and Methane |
| What is an example of a mixture? | Ocean Water, rocks, air |
| What is a heterogeneous mixture? | Can see all of the parts like a fruit salad or soup |
| What is a homogeneous mixture? | Looks like one part like tea, tap water, sports drink |
| What is a solution? | Like a homogeneous mixture- tea, sports drink |
| What is a solid? | A state of matter that has a definite shape and volume |
| What is a liquid? | A state of matter that has definite volume but no definite shape |
| What is a gas? | A state of matter that doesn’t have a definite shape or volume |
| When you add heat to a substance how does that affect the motion of the particles? | The kinetic energy rises (moves faster) and becomes more dense. |
| What happens when water molecules become a solid? | It becomes ice and the molecules become further apart and less dense. |
| What happens when water molecules melt from a solid? | They become more dense and move faster |
| What is the Atomic Number? | The number of Protons |
| What is the Mass number? | The number of protons and neutrons |
| How can you determine the overall charge of an atom if you know the number of protons and the number of electrons? | Protons have a positive charge and electrons have a negative charge |
| What must be true of the number of protons and neutrons in an electrically neutral atom? | They have an equal amount. |
| What is a valence Electron? | It is the electron on the outer most ring of an atom |
| How are isotopes of an element different from one another? | They have different mass numbers |
| Where are metals located on the periodic table? | left |
| Where are Non-metals located? | upper right |
| Where are Metalloids? | They are the dividing metals between Metals and non-metals |
| What is a general property of metals? | Malleable and Ductile, good conductor, shiny and solid |
| What is a general property of non-metals? | Liquid or gas, poor conductor, brittle |
| What is found in group one has one valence electron and is reactive and always bonds with nature? | Alkali Metals |
| What is found in group two has 2 valence electrons is somewhat reactive always bonds other atoms in nature and example is beryllium? | Alkaline Earth Metals |
| What is found in group 16 has 6 valence electrons and forms with metals? | Chalcogens |
| Where are Halogens found? | Group 17, has 7 valence electrons, Chlorine is an example. |
| Where are Noble Gases found? | Group 18, has 8 valence electrons are STABLE and do not share electrons. |
| What kind of elements tend to gain electrons easily? | Halogens |
| What kind of elements lose electrons easily? | Metals |
| An example of an ionic compound is? | Sodium Chloride |
| In an ionic bond what happens with the valence electrons? | The element gives or loses one or more of their valence electrons to help make a stable 8 electron shell. |
| In a Covalent Bond what happens with the valence electrons? | The elements share their electrons on their outer shell to get a stable compound. |
| Can Halogens bond with each other in a Covalent Bond? | YES |
| Water and Carbon Dioxide is an example of what kind of bond? | Covalent |
| What happens to valence Electrons in a metallic bond? | They are joined together freely among metals |
| Will all metals except Hydrogen form a metallic bond? | YES |
| Explain why metals are conductors while non-metals are insulators? | Non-metals the valence electrons are tightly bound making them not form as a conductor like metals do. |
| What is a mineral? | Natural occurring, solid, inorganic, fixed chemical formula, fixed chrystalline structure. |
| What are some Silicate mineral examples? | Quartz |
| What are some examples of Non-silicate minerals? | Gold, Diamond, Table Salt |
| This type of rock is formed by other pieces of rock or precipitated form of liquid? | Sedimentary |
| This type of rock is formed by cooling and crystallization of Magma and Lava? | Igneous |
| This type of rock is formed by heat pressure and chemical process? | Metamorphic |
| 2 main categories of Sedimentary rocks are? | Detrital and Chemical |
| 2 main categories of Igneous rocks are? | Extrusive and Intrusive |
| 2 main categories of Metamorphic rocks are? | Foliated and Non-foliated |
| Sandstone, conglomerate shale, colomite and limestone are examples of what type of rock? | Sedimentary |
| Basalt, Bridalite, Granite and Gabbro are examples of what type of rock? | Igneous |
| Slate, Schist, Gneiss, Marble and Quartite are examples of what type of Rock? | Metamorphic |
| Granite is? | Intrusive Igneous |
| Conglomerate is? | Detrital Sedimentary |
| Gneiss is? | Foliated metamorphic |
| Limestone is? | Chemical Sedimentary |
| Dolomite is? | Chemical Sedimentary |
| Basalt is? | Extrusive Igneous |
| The outermost layer, least dense, rigid and brittle rock, water and coldest layer of the earth? | The Crust |
| Is located just below the crust made of Iron and Magnesium and has most of the Earth’s volume? | The Mantle |
| Another name for the Crust and upper mantle area which is thin and brittle is called? | Lithosphere |
| Another name for the lower mantle which is thick and plastic(bendy) like? | Asthenosphere |
| This layer is the hottest layer made up of Iron and Nickel and is liquid form? | Outer core |
| This is the innermost hottest layer that generates the magnetic field? | Inner Core |
| P waves travel through what? | Solid, liquid and gas |
| S waves pass through what? | Solids transversely |
| How do we know that Earth’s mantle is solid? | S-waves flow through it by not through the inner most core area |
| Where does Earth’s Magnetic field come from? | The core- 2 fields pass through quickly causing field to charge. |
| What happens in a Convection current? | Heat rises to top then outward and cools, the cold air sinks eventually rotating to distribute the heat evenly. |
| What is the continental drift? | Plates moved apart- land used to be one giant mass |
| What is the role of convection currents in plate tectonics? | Heat causes plates to shift and move. |
| Which plate boundary has crust spreading apart (volcanism), mountains, deep trenches and is located with mid ocean ridges? | Divergent |
| Which plate boundary has plates moving together/ compression, creates volcanic islands and is located in Cascade and Himalya Mountains? | Convergent |
| Which plate boundary has plates sliding past each other forms mountains and ocean ridge located along San Andreas Fault? | Transform |
| Which plate moves by slanting down causing deep trenches? | Oceanic-Oceanic |
| Which plate moves by slanting down forming large ocean trenches near land mass? | Oceanic- Continental |
| Which plate moves by sliding past and the pressure moves up causing tall mountains? | Continental-Continental |
| What kind of plate boundary would you expect to see with rift valleys? | Transform |
| What kind of plate boundary would you expect to see with Subduction? | Convergent |
| What kind of plate boundary would you expect to see in lateral faults? | Transform |
| What kind of plate boundary would you expect to see with a mid ocean ridge? | Divergent |
| What kind of plate boundary would you expect to see with a volcano? | Convergent |
| What kind of plate boundary would you expect to see with chains of volcanic islands? | Convergent |
| What kind of plate boundary would you expect to see with very tall non-volcanic mountains? | Continental-Continental Transform |
| The breaking down of rocks into pieces is known as? | Weathering |
| What is mechanical weathering? | Physical breakdown of a rock |
| What is Chemical weathering? | Change of minerals |
| What is frost wedging? | Ice forms on and in rocks then thaws |
| What is Exfoliation? | Top layer of rock removed |
| What is Thermal Expansion? | Temperature changes rapidly causing rock to break/expand |
| What is Crystal Growth? | Water forming on rocks |
| What has a forceful change to ground underneath where roots are growing? | Tree Roots |
| What is sandpaper to the rocks? | Abrasion |
| This type of chemical weathering the minerals react with each other? | Dissolution |
| This type of chemical weathering the reaction of the mineral with oxygen forms rust? | Oxidation |
| This type of chemical weathering the reaction of the mineral with water is? | Hydrolysis |
| How does acid rain contribute to weathering? | It eats away from the surface it comes into contact with |
| What is an erosion factor that occurs downhill causing floods and other things to come with it? | Gravity |
| What are the layers of the earth from surface to space? | Troposphere, Stratosphere, mesosphere, termosphere, exosphere |
| What is Ionosphere? | When lined up the poles causes the northern and southern lights |
| What components are in the atmosphere in fixed components? | Nitrogen, oxygen, argon |
| What components are in the variable amounts? | Water vapor, carbon dioxide |
| What role does carbon dioxide play in the atmosphere? | Greenhouse effect/ helps with plants |
| What causes the Coriolis Effect? | Rotation affects the path traveled |
| What is an example of the Coriolis Effect? | Airplane curves rather than flying straight to destination |
| What happens in weather when a low pressure center (cyclone) comes? | Brings cooler unsettled weather |
| What happens in weather when a high pressure center (anticyclone) comes? | Brings nicer weather |
| What does a cold front bring? | Thunderstorms |
| What is a rotating column of air around low pressure? | Tornados |
| What low pressure spins and warm water from ocean feeds it? | Hurricanes |
| What is the greenhouse effect? | Warming of atmosphere trapped greenhouse gases |
| What is the impact the Greenhouse effect has on the Earth? | Keeps the earth warm |
| What things do we do that effects the levels of greenhouse gases? | Burning of fossil fuels and deforestation. |
| What does a seismometer do? | Measures earthquakes |
| What does the Richter scale measure? | Ground movement in earthquake its location, size and depth/magnitude. |
| What are some examples of ecological studies performed at the population level? | All of the organisms of a given species within a defined area |
| What are some examples of ecological studies performed at the community level? | All living things in an area and how they interact |
| What are some examples of ecological studies performed at the Ecosystem level? | All living and non-living things… soil, sunlight, rain, etc… |
| What are Abiotic factors? | Non-living things |
| What are Biotic Factors? | Living things |
| Describe examples of competition in ecosystems. | 2 organisms are competing for the same resource- food, space, water, light |
| What components are included in a species’ niche? | It is the characteristics of what each species needs, some need just one area of the same thing. |
| Commensalism? | One benefits (Win-Draw) |
| Parasitism? | One benefits at the cost of the other (win-lose) |
| Mutualism? | Both benefit (win-win) |
| What is a biome? | Region of the earth that are unified by having similar characteristics |
| Raining almost all of the time, hot, humid, and lots of plants year round with lots of animal diversity is an example of which biome? | Tropical Forest |
| Rain, snow, seasons with hot summers and cold winters, trees, birds, squirrels, rabbits and foxes is an example of which biome? | Temperate Forest |
| Drier than a temperate forest, harsh/cold winters, hot summers and drier, has lots of conifer trees (have cones) is an example of what biome? | Coniferous Forest |
| Frozen ground, cold permafrost layer of soil is frozen, shrubby plants, litchens, mosses and reindeer type animals is an example of what biome? | Tundra |
| Very dry, rarely rains, hot and dry temperature with cactus, lizards and snakes is an example of what biome? | Desert |
| Extensive dry period with a wet period as well, pretty hot, zebras, lions and grasses is an example of what biome? | Savanna |
| et, seasons and lots of grasses is an example of what biome? | Temperate grassland |
| Wet, rainy winter, hot and dry summers, plants can grow all year but still survive during the heat found in California and Australia is an example of what biome? | Chaparral |
| A Producer is? | An organism that is able to make its own food, it doesn’t have to eat (plant) |
| An Autotroph? | Self Energy- doesn’t eat (producer) |
| A consumer? | Consumes/eats another organism to get energy |
| A Primary Consumer? | Eats one thing |
| A secondary Consumer? | Eats one thing that has eaten one thing |
| A Tertiary Consumer? | Eats one thing that has eaten one thing that has eaten one thing |
| A Heterotroph? | Gets it’s energy from a different source (consumer) |
| A Decomposer is? | A special group of Heterotrophs that consume dead organic material (mushrooms) |
| Herbivores? | only eats plants |
| Carnivores? | only eats meats |
| Omnivores? | Eats both plants and animals/meats |
| How does the transfer energy from the sun go through the food chain? | The sun energy is used by producers and converted into chemical energy. Chemical Energy is used by consumers and decomposers through cellular respiration. |
| ow much energy is transferred between trophic levels? | 10% |
| Why is energy lost to the environment during respiration? | The energy is used up to eat etc… |
| What is the concept of natural selection? | Habitat changes |
| Association of Variation with natural selection? | Alternate colors or other alterations |
| Association of Heritable Traits with natural selection? | Colors begin to be hereditary- alterations become hereditary |
| Association of Fitness with natural selection? | Alternate coloration/ increased survival |
| Why are adaptations an important component of species’ survival? | To survive you must adapt to your surroundings, both temperature and humidity etc.. |
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