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Mircro midterm
| Question | Answer | |
|---|---|---|
| Oxidation | lose an electron | |
| ribozymes | RNA that cuts and splices RNA. | |
| Reduction | adds an electron | |
| Redox reaction | an oxidation reaction paired with a reduction reaction. | |
| deamination | an amino group is removed and turned into an ammonium ion. | |
| decarboxylation | amino acid loses carboxyl group. | |
| Autotrophs | use CO2 (make own carbon) | |
| Heterotroph | use organic carbon source | |
| transamination | process by which new amino acids are made with amine groups from old amino acids. | |
| chemoheterotrophs | energy and carbon source are usually the same organic compound. | |
| saphrophytes | live off dead material | |
| parasites | live on living material. | |
| 3 electron carriers of the ETC | flavoproteins cytochromes ubiquinones | |
| responsible for all carbon released in Krebs cycle | Carboxylation | |
| metabolic pathways | sequence of enzymatic catalyzed chemical reactions in a cell. | |
| collision theory | chemical reactions can occur when atoms, ions, molecules, collide. | |
| apoenzyme | major part of enzyme (protein part) | |
| holoenzyme | apoenzyme + cofactor or coenzyme. | |
| amphilbolic pathway | anabolic and catabolic reactions are joined and share some metabolic pathways. | |
| ATP composed of: | adinine, ribose, 3 phosphates | |
| Activation energy: | the energy needed for atoms to react with each other. | |
| Reaction rate: | the frequency of collisions with enough energy to bring about a reaction. | |
| Reaction rate can be increased | by enzymes, by increasing heat or pressure, or by increasing the concentration of reactant molecules. | |
| difference between a cofactor and coenzyme | cofactors are inorganic, whereas coenzymes are organic | |
| Important coenzymes | NAD+ and NADP+ FAD Coenzyme A | |
| Oxidoreductase | oxidation-reduction reactions | |
| Transferase | transfer of functional groups | |
| Hydrolase | Hydrolysis | |
| Lyase | Removal of atoms without hydrolysis | |
| Isomerase | Rearrangement of atoms | |
| Ligase | Joining of molecules; uses ATP | |
| Factors Influencing Enzyme Activity | 1.Temperature: 35-40oC 2. pH: 4-6 3. Substrate concentration | |
| Competitive Inhibition | Competitive inhibitors compete with the substrate for the active site. Certain poisons, such as cyanide and arsenic, combine with enzymes and prevent them from functioning. | |
| sulfanilamide VS PABA | When sulfanilamide is administered to bacteria, the enzyme that normally converts PABA to folic acid combines instead with the sulfanilamide. Humans don’t use PABA to make folic acid but bacteria do; this is what makes sulfonilamide a good antibiotic | |
| Non-competitive inhibition | These inhibitors don’t bind to the active site, but bind to another site (allosteric site) that causes the enzyme to change its shape. In some cases, allosteric interaction can activate an enzyme. | |
| Feedback inhibition | Control mechanism that prevents cell from wasting chemical resources by making more of a substance that it needs. In many anabolic pathways, the final product can allosterically inhibit the activity of one of the enzymes earlier in the pathway | |
| 1. Oxidative phosphorylation- | the energy released from thetransfer of electrons (oxidation) of one compound to another(reduction) is used to generate ATP by chemiosmosis. Electronstravel through electron | transport chain, and finally to O2 or anotherinorganic compound. |
| Photophosphorylation | light causes chlorophyll to give upelectrons. Energy released from the transfer of electrons(oxidation) of chlorophyll | through a system of carrier molecules isused to generate ATP. |
| Glycolysis | the oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid produces ATP and NADH. Doesn’t require oxygen. Net gain of 2 ATP for each molecule of glucose | |
| Preparatory stage of glycolysis: | Glucose enters cell and is phosphorylated 6 carbon glucose is eventually split into 2 glyceraldehyde-3P 2 ATP’s used | |
| Energy-Conserving Stage of glycolysis | Glyceraldehyde-3P is oxidized in several steps to pyruvic acid NAD+ reduced to NADPH 4 molecules ATP formed | |
| Most bacteria have another pathway in addition to glycolysis for oxidation of glucose: | Pentose phosphate pathway. | |
| Another alternative to glycolysis | is the Entner-Doudoroff pathway. Tests for the ability to oxidize glucose by this pathway are sometimes used to identify Pseudomonas in the lab. | |
| Cellular respiration | Oxidation of molecules liberates electrons for an electron transportchain. ATP is generated by oxidative phosphorylation. Finalelectron acceptor is an inorganic molecule. In | aerobic respiration,the final electron acceptor is oxygen. In anaerobic res |
| Intermediate step between glycolysis and Krebs cycle | Pyruvic acid (from glycolysis) is oxidized and decarboxylated(loses CO2) to form acetyl group. Acetyl group is | attached tocoenzyme A, then acetyl Co-A enters Krebs cycle |
| Krebs Cycle | Takes place in mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotes, cytoplasm ofprokaryotesTwo-carbon acetyl groups are | oxidized to 1 carbonCO2.Electrons are picked up by NAD+ and FAD and taken to theelectron transport chain.Potential energy stored in acetyl Co- |
| Chemiosmosis | Energy is released when protons move down a gradient. This energy is used to drive synthesis of ATP. | |
| proton motive force. | Concentration and electrical gradients have potential energy | |
| Fermentation | Releases energy from oxidation of organic molecules.Does not require oxygenDoes not use Krebs cycle or ETCUses an organic molecule as | the final electron acceptorProduces only small amounts of ATP |
| Lipid Catabolism | Microbes produce enzymes that break fats down to fatty acids and glycerol (both eventually end up in Krebs cycle) | |
| tests to see if bacteria are metabolizing protein or glucose | tubes contain glucose, a pH indicator and a specific aminoacid. pH indicator turns yellow when bacteria produce acid from | glucose; alkaline products from decarboxylation turn indicatorpurple. |
| Chemotrophs | depend on oxidation-reduction reactions of organic and inorganic substances for energy | |
| Phototrophs | use light as an energy source | |
| Oxygenic | ones use H2O to reduce CO2 and oxygen is given off | |
| Anoxygenic | ones use sulfur or hydrogen gas to reduce CO2 (green and purple bacteria) | |
| Endosymbiotic Theory | Larger bacterial cells lost their cell wall and engulfed smaller bacterial cells Ancestral eukaryotic cell developed a rudimentary nucleus when the plasma membrane folded around the chromosome. Then ingested an aerobic bacteria which provided energy |
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