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micro final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| sterilization | no life form present |
| microbicidal | kills microbes |
| bactericidal | kills bacteria |
| fungicidal | kills fungi |
| contaminated | not sterile |
| sanitization | not sterilization, just clean |
| microbiostatic | causes tiny life forms not to grow [ex. - refrigerator] |
| pharmacology | study of drugs |
| antimicrobial agents | drugs used to treat infections |
| antibiotic | metabolic production of one microorganism that kills or inhibits the growth of another microbe |
| selective toxicity | selective inhibition of the growth of the microorganism without damage to the host |
| broad spectrum antibiotic | active against several types of microbes |
| narrow spectrum antibiotic | active against one or few types of microbes [best for treatment] |
| physical control of microbes | heat, filtration, uv light, x-rays, gamma rays, dehydration, cold |
| chemical control of microbes | disinfectant, antiseptic, chlorine, alcohol, soap, hydrogen peroxide |
| only way to destroy endspores | autoclave [pressure and steam] |
| penicillin... | acts by inhibiting transpeptidases |
| pathogenesis | the ability to cause disease is dependent on the ability to overcome challenges |
| different reservoirs | human, animal, environment |
| portals of entry | skin, nose, eye, mouth, urethra, vagina, placenta |
| ID50 | infectious dose for 50% test animals [the lower it is, the more likely it is to cause disease] |
| modes of transmission | respiratory droplets, fomites, body contact, fecal-oral, arthropod vectors, airborne, parenteral |
| portals of exit | nose, mouth, anus, genitals, blood |
| nosocomial infections are... | healthcare associated infections, acquired in a hospital |
| types of nosocomial infections | MRSA, C. diff, pseudomonas aeruginosa, yeast, fungus, klebisella, E. coli |
| lines of defense against infection | non-specific surface, non-specific interior, immune |
| inflammation | pain, redness, swelling, heat |
| antigen | foreign substance that triggers immune response in host |
| antibody | protein produced by B lymphocytes that binds to antigens freely |
| where B cells mature | bone marrow |
| where T cells mature | thymus |
| IgG antibody | activates component cascades |
| IgA antibody | protects mucous membranes |
| IgM antibody | primary immune response |
| IgD antibody | signals B cells |
| IgE antibody | stimulates degranulation of basophils, eosinophils, and mast cells |
| the ability to mount an efficient secondary antibody response depends on | memory T & B cells |
| T lymphocyte stimulation leads to a type of immunity called | cell-mediated immunity |
| the call that matures in the thymus gland | is responsible for cell-mediated immunity |
| the first antibody produced in a primary antibody response is | IgM |
| which of the following is the fastest response to an antigen? | secondary immune response |
| which is not an effect of complement activation? | enhanced T lymphocyte activity through thymus gland interaction |
| the uniqueness of an individual is defined in part by | MHC proteins on the surfaces of individual cells [important in transplants] |
| which is the best definition for innate immunity? | several non-specific defenses present from birth |
| neutrophils are those leukocytes that function | phagocytes in body resistance |
| when clotting agents are removed from the blood | serum |
| link between macrophages & neutrophils | are phagocytes |
| which is not a lymphocyte? | monocytes |
| which leukocytes are involved in acquired immunity? | B lymphocytes & T lymphocytes |
| where is normal flora not found? | the blood |
| degree to which organism is able to cause disease | phagogenecity |
| botulism, tetanus, and diphtheria are distinguished by | production of endotoxins |
| endotoxin shock may be observed to follow | antibiotic treatment of a disease due to GRAM NEGATIVE bacteria |
| disease constantly present at low level in an area | endemic |
| which is not a common cause of nosocomial infections? | inefficient air handling mechanisms |
| a substance that has been pasteurized | is not considered sterile |
| two draw backs to penicillin | allergic reactions and drug resistance |
| MRSA is resistant to what? | methicillin |
| cephlosporin & penicillin antibiotics | act on cell wall of bacteria |
| nyastatin is recommended for | candida albicans of intestines / oral cavity |
| kirby-bauer test is useful for determining | which antibiotic should be used |
Created by:
hannahfrancesford
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